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(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a vital coenzyme found in all living cells.
• It exists in two forms: oxidized (NAD⁺) and reduced (NADH), playing central roles in redox reactions, energy metabolism, and various signaling pathways.
• NAD⁺ is essential for critical cellular processes, including ATP production, DNA repair (via enzymes like PARPs), and regulation of sirtuins (a family of NAD⁺-dependent deacetylases involved in cellular stress responses and longevity).
NAD⁺ is integral to energy metabolism, redox balance, DNA repair, and cellular regulatory functions—processes that are often dysregulated in cancer.
-involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
-NMN is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
-alternative form of vitamin B, amide of nicotinic acid
-NAD+ levels decline as we age
-high dose NMN promotes ferroptosis through NAM-mediated SIRT1-AMPK-ACC signaling
-At low doses (10 and 20 mM) and prolonged exposure (48 h), NMN increased cell proliferation, but it induced the suppression of cell proliferation at the high dose (100 mM)
-VitB3 and niacin are precursors for the synthesis of NAD in the body