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Tinospora cordifolia (also known as Guduchi)
1. Immunomodulatory Pathways :Enhance the activity of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-lymphocytes.
2. NF-κB Signaling Pathway: may inhibit the activation of NF-κB.
3. PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway
4. MAPK Pathways (ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK)
5. Apoptotic Pathways (Intrinsic and Extrinsic)
6. Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Modulation
- May act as an antioxidant in normal cells while paradoxically enhancing ROS production in cancer cells.
Elevated ROS in tumor cells can lead to oxidative damage and apoptosis, serving as an anticancer mechanism.