Commonly described actions include: -Inflammation suppression: attenuation of NF-κB / STAT3 signaling -Cell-cycle and survival effects: pro-apoptotic signaling, mitochondrial stress -Angiogenesis inhibition: reduced VEGF signaling in models -Metabolic stress modulation: interference with lipid and glucose handling -Redox effects: antioxidant at low/physiologic exposure; pro-oxidant stress at higher concentrations Importantly, dose, timing, and cellular context determine which mechanism dominates. Xanthohumol is best described as chemopreventive or chemo-sensitizing, not chemoprotective: