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Carnosic acid (CA) natural antioxidant diterpene found in rosemary and sage.
Pathways:
-Inhibit the PI3K/Akt pathway, which is typically overactivated in many cancers.
-inhibits ERK activation, reducing cell proliferation.
-JNK and p38 MAPK: Activation of these kinases by carnosic acid may contribute to stress responses leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis.
-Block the activation of NF-κB,
-Induce apoptosis by disturbing mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases.
-Dual role: as an antioxidant under normal conditions and, in the context of cancer cells, it can induce ROS production beyond a critical threshold.
-Interfere with STAT3 activation,
-AMPK Activation
-Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Metastasis
-Induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
-At lower concentrations, carnosic acid might exhibit antioxidant activity, protecting cells by scavenging free radicals. However, cancer cells often have altered redox balances which can make them more vulnerable to further ROS increases.
-While carnosic acid has antioxidant properties in some contexts, it is typically observed to have a prooxidant effect in cancer cells under specific conditions, particularly at concentrations that favor ROS accumulation and the subsequent induction of apoptotic cell death
-10-100uM, or 10–100 mg/kg for achieving anticancer effects.
-Typically available in standardized rosemary extracts.