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Phenolic acid found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark. Has anitoxidant, antimicrobial and anti-obesity properties.
The GA derivatives include two types: ester and catechin derivatives. The most common ester derivatives of GA are alkyl esters, which are composed mainly of methyl gallate (MG), propyl gallate (PG), octyl gallate (OG), dodecyl gallate (DG), tetradecyl gallate (TG), and hexadecyl gallate (HG), and some of the main catechin derivatives are epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Gallic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenol found in a variety of plant-based foods. Some of the best dietary sources include:
Fruits:
Berries (strawberries, blackberries, blueberries)
Grapes, including red wine (grapes are rich in polyphenols)
Pomegranates and apples
Nuts and Seeds: Walnuts and almonds have been noted to contain GA in their skins
Herbs and Spices: Tea (especially green tea), Sumac and other spices
Other Plants: Gallnuts (from oak trees)
Pathways:
-Apoptosis Induction: Activating caspase cascades, Shifting Bax versus Bcl-2, MMP, cyt-c release
-Cell Cycle Arrest: typ @ G1 or G2/M checkpoints.
-Anti-inflammatory Effects: inhibiting NF-κB
-Angiogenesis Inhibition:
-Modulation of Signaling Pathways: MAPK Pathway, PI3K/Akt Pathway Inhibition, p53 Pathway
Gallic acid exhibits a complex behavior with ROS in cancer cells, acting as both an antioxidant and a pro-oxidant depending on the context and its concentration:
Antioxidant Effects at Low Doses:
-At lower concentrations, gallic acid is typically characterized by its ability to scavenge free radicals, thus reducing oxidative stress.
This antioxidant property may help protect normal cells from DNA damage, reducing the risk of mutations that could lead to cancer.
Pro-oxidant Effects at High Doses: >50-100uM?
-At higher concentrations, GA can exert pro-oxidant effects, generating ROS within cancer cells.
Elevated ROS levels can overwhelm the cellular antioxidant defenses of cancer cells, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately cell death.