| LGALS3 (Galectin-3; Gal-3) — Beta-galactoside-binding lectin expressed intracellularly, extracellularly, and on the cell surface. Galectin-3 regulates cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and tumor progression.
Typical modulation in cancer: Frequently ↑ and generally tumor-promoting. Elevated Galectin-3 can enhance proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune evasion, and resistance to chemotherapy. Cytoplasmic Galectin-3 can suppress mitochondrial apoptosis and interact with signaling proteins including RAS, BCL2, and MYC. However, biological effects can vary according to cancer type and subcellular localization.
Typical modulation in Alzheimer’s disease: ↑ Galectin-3 is generally associated with microglial activation, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta pathology, and cognitive impairment. Galectin-3 is enriched in plaque-associated microglia, can interact with TREM2, and may amplify inflammatory responses. Galectin-3 inhibition or deficiency has reduced inflammatory activation and amyloid pathology in experimental AD models.
Typical mechanistic relationships: Galectin-3 ↑ → microglial activation ↑; TREM2 signaling modulation; TLR4-related inflammatory signaling ↑; cytokine release ↑; Aβ-associated neuroinflammation ↑. In cancer, Galectin-3 ↑ can also promote RAS signaling, BCL2-associated survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and chemoresistance.
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