| AHR (Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor; AhR) — Ligand-activated basic helix-loop-helix PAS-family transcription factor that functions as an environmental, dietary, microbial-metabolite, and endogenous chemical sensor. Following ligand binding, AHR translocates to the nucleus, heterodimerizes with ARNT/HIF-1β, and binds xenobiotic response elements (XREs) to regulate genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, immunity, inflammation, barrier integrity, development, metabolism, and cellular differentiation.
Typical modulation in cancer: Highly context-dependent. Persistent or tumor-derived AHR activation frequently promotes tumor-cell survival, EMT, migration, invasion, cancer stemness, immune suppression, and resistance to therapy. However, AHR activation can also produce cell-cycle arrest or tumor-suppressive effects in selected cancers and with specific ligands.
Typical modulation in Alzheimer’s disease: Context-dependent. AHR regulates neuroimmune signaling, microglial responses, tryptophan-derived metabolites, oxidative stress, and inflammatory pathways. Dysregulated AHR signaling has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease, but both protective and detrimental effects have been reported depending on ligand, cell type, and disease context.
Typical mechanistic relationship: AHR ligand → AHR activation → nuclear translocation → ARNT heterodimerization → XRE binding → CYP1A1/CYP1B1/AHRR and other target-gene transcription. AHR also interacts with STAT3, NF-κB, estrogen-receptor, and immune-regulatory pathways.
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