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| Destruction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which is widely regarded as one of the earliest events in the process of cell apoptosis. Mitochondria are organelles within eukaryotic cells that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy molecule used by the cell. For this reason, the mitochondrion is sometimes referred to as “the powerhouse of the cell”. Mitochondria produce ATP through process of cellular respiration—specifically, aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen. The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondria. The mitochondrial membrane potential is widely used in assessing mitochondrial function as it relates to the mitochondrial capacity of ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrial membrane potential is a reliable indicator of mitochondrial health. In cancer cells, ΔΨm is often decreased, which can lead to changes in cellular metabolism, increased glycolysis, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and altered cell death pathways. The membrane of malignant mitochondria is hyperpolarized (−220 mV) in comparison to their healthy counterparts (−160 mV), which facilitates the penetration of positively charged molecules to the cancer cells mitochondria. The MMP is a critical indicator of mitochondrial function, directly reflecting the organelle's capacity to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. |
| Pancreatic Cancer: Hypoxia (low oxygen tension) is commonly found in solid tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1),is a key mediator of the cellular response to hypoxia and is overexpressed in a wide variety of solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer. Nanog is highly expressed in CSCs compared to normal cells [93–97] HIF-1↑ |
| 4558- | AgNPs, | Role of Oxidative and Nitro-Oxidative Damage in Silver Nanoparticles Cytotoxic Effect against Human Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 |
| 1563- | Api, | MET, | Metformin-induced ROS upregulation as amplified by apigenin causes profound anticancer activity while sparing normal cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HDFa | - | in-vitro, | PC, | AsPC-1 | - | in-vitro, | PC, | MIA PaCa-2 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | DU145 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | LNCaP | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 5836- | CAP, | In vitro and in vivo induction of apoptosis by capsaicin in pancreatic cancer cells is mediated through ROS generation and mitochondrial death pathway |
| - | vitro+vivo, | PC, | AsPC-1 | - | in-vitro, | PC, | Bxpc-3 |
| 2014- | CAP, | Role of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Complexes in Capsaicin Mediated Oxidative Stress Leading to Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | Bxpc-3 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HPDE-6 | - | in-vivo, | PC, | AsPC-1 |
| 4761- | CoQ10, | Elevated levels of mitochondrial CoQ10 induce ROS-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | NA | - | in-vivo, | PC, | NA |
| 2980- | CUR, | Inhibition of NF B and Pancreatic Cancer Cell and Tumor Growth by Curcumin Is Dependent on Specificity Protein Down-regulation |
| - | in-vivo, | PC, | NA |
| 5522- | EP, | Nanosecond pulsed electric field suppresses growth and reduces multi-drug resistance effect in pancreatic cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | NA |
| 1962- | GamB, | HCQ, | Gambogic acid induces autophagy and combines synergistically with chloroquine to suppress pancreatic cancer by increasing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | NA |
| 4779- | Lyco, | Lycopene Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated NF-κB Signaling and Induces Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 |
| 1674- | PBG, | SDT, | HPT, | Study on the effect of a triple cancer treatment of propolis, thermal cycling-hyperthermia, and low-intensity ultrasound on PANC-1 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | H6c7 |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | MIA PaCa-2 | - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 |
| 1456- | SFN, | Sulforaphane regulates cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death mediated by ROS-cell cycle arrest in pancreatic cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | MIA PaCa-2 | - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 |
| 3045- | SK, | Cutting off the fuel supply to calcium pumps in pancreatic cancer cells: role of pyruvate kinase-M2 (PKM2) |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | MIA PaCa-2 |
| 5084- | SSE, | GEM, | The Antitumor Activity of Sodium Selenite Alone and in Combination with Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Cancer: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 | - | vitro+vivo, | PC, | Panc02 |
| 1888- | VitB1/Thiamine, | DCA, | High Dose Vitamin B1 Reduces Proliferation in Cancer Cell Lines Analogous to Dichloroacetate |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | SK-N-BE | - | NA, | PC, | PANC1 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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