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| Cytochrome c ** The term "release of cytochrome c" ** an increase in level for the cytosol. Small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The term "release of cytochrome c" refers to a critical step in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In its new location—the cytosol—cytochrome c participates in the apoptotic signaling pathway by helping to form the apoptosome, which activates caspases that execute cell death. Cytochrome c is a small protein normally located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its primary role in healthy cells is to participate in the electron transport chain, a process that helps produce energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability leads to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The release of cytochrome c is a pivotal event in apoptosis where cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria to the cytosol, initiating a chain reaction that leads to programmed cell death. On the one hand, cytochrome c can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by regulating the activity of various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. This can lead to increased cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, which are hallmarks of cancer. On the other hand, cytochrome c can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with other proteins, such as Apaf-1 and caspase-9. This can lead to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which can result in the death of cancer cells. Overexpressed in Breast, Lung, Colon, and Prostrate. Underexpressed in Ovarian, and Pancreatic. |
| Breast Cancer |
| 4417- | AgNPs, | Caffeine-boosted silver nanoparticles target breast cancer cells by triggering oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 4415- | AgNPs, | SDT, | CUR, | Examining the Impact of Sonodynamic Therapy With Ultrasound Wave in the Presence of Curcumin-Coated Silver Nanoparticles on the Apoptosis of MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 |
| 388- | AgNPs, | Apoptotic efficacy of multifaceted biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on human adenocarcinoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 |
| 1078- | And, | Andrographolide inhibits breast cancer through suppressing COX-2 expression and angiogenesis via inactivation of p300 signaling and VEGF pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HUVECs | - | in-vivo, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | T47D | - | in-vitro, | BC, | BT549 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-361 |
| 2478- | Ba, | The role of Ca2+ in baicalein-induced apoptosis in human breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cells through mitochondria- and caspase-3-dependent pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 1386- | BBR, | Berberine-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial-related apoptotic pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 5639- | BCA, | Biochanin A Induces Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells through Mitochondrial Pathway and Pi3K/AKT Inhibition |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | NA |
| 5591- | BetA, | Advances and challenges in betulinic acid therapeutics and delivery systems for breast cancer prevention and treatment |
| - | Review, | BC, | NA |
| 2732- | BetA, | Chemo, | Betulinic acid chemosensitizes breast cancer by triggering ER stress-mediated apoptosis by directly targeting GRP78 |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 |
| 2024- | Bos, | Antiproliferative and cell cycle arrest potentials of 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid against MCF-7 cells in vitro |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 |
| 6559- | BSB, | Modulatory effect of α-Bisabolol on induced apoptosis via mitochondrial and NF-κB/Akt/PI3K Signaling pathways in MCF-7 breast cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 |
| 5903- | CAR, | TV, | Combined Cytotoxic Effects of Carvacrol-Based Essential Oil Formulations |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 5898- | CAR, | Carvacrol-induced apoptosis via tumor suppressor gene activation and oxidative stress modulation in a rat model of breast cancer |
| - | in-vivo, | BC, | NA |
| 1287- | CAR, | Carvacrol induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via Bcl-2/CytC signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | HCC1937 |
| 4652- | CUR, | Anticancer effect of curcumin on breast cancer and stem cells |
| - | Review, | BC, | NA |
| 6331- | Eug, | Eugenol-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells via PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a Pathway Inhibition |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 1969- | GamB, | Gambogic acid promotes apoptosis and resistance to metastatic potential in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 823- | GAR, | Garcinol Potentiates TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis through Modulation of Death Receptors and Antiapoptotic Proteins |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 |
| 7266- | Gink, | Ginkgo biloba derivative ginkgetin inhibits breast cancer growth by regulating the miRNA-122-5p/GALNT10 axis |
| - | vitro+vivo, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-453 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 |
| 1926- | JG, | Mechanism of juglone-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells by the mitochondrial pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 |
| 3067- | RES, | Proteomic Profiling Reveals That Resveratrol Inhibits HSP27 Expression and Sensitizes Breast Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin Therapy |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 |
| 2007- | SK, | Shikonin Directly Targets Mitochondria and Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | lymphoma, | U937 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | SkBr3 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | OS, | U2OS | - | NA, | Nor, | RPE-1 |
| 3142- | VitC, | Vitamin C promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells by increasing TRAIL expression |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF12A |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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