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| An ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. Propyl gallate (PG), chemically known as propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, is widely present in processed food and cosmetics, hair products, and lubricants. PG alone demonstrated antioxidative and cytoprotective properties against cellular damage and gained a pro-oxidative property in combination with copper (II). It was reported that PG was one of the most active compounds capable of generating H2O2 in DMEM media Main cancer-relevant pathways modulated by propyl gallate A. Redox imbalance & oxidative stress (dominant) -↑ Intracellular ROS (context- and dose-dependent) -Pro-oxidant in cancer cells with high basal ROS -Mitochondrial superoxide accumulation -Thiol depletion (↓ GSH, ↓ Trx buffering capacity) Importance: ★★★★★ (Primary mechanism) B. Mitochondrial dysfunction & intrinsic apoptosis -↑ MOMP → caspase cascade -Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) -Cytochrome-c release -Caspase-9 → caspase-3 activation -↑ Bax / ↓ Bcl-2 ratio Importance: ★★★★☆ C. ER stress & unfolded protein response (UPR) -↑ PERK–eIF2α–ATF4–CHOP -ROS-linked protein misfolding -Pro-apoptotic UPR signaling dominates over adaptive UPR Importance: ★★★☆☆ D. Cell cycle disruption -G1 or G2/M arrest (cell-type dependent) -↓ Cyclin D1, Cyclin B1 -↑ p21, p27 Importance: ★★☆☆☆ E. MAPK stress signaling -↑ JNK / p38 -Stress-activated apoptosis signaling -Often precedes mitochondrial failure Importance: ★★☆☆☆ F. Inflammation & survival pathways (secondary) -↓ NF-κB, ↓ STAT3 (indirect) -Suppression is largely ROS-mediated, not direct inhibition -Reduced anti-apoptotic gene transcription Importance: ★★☆☆☆ G. NRF2–ARE signaling (dual role) -Low dose: NRF2 activation → cytoprotection -High dose / cancer cells: NRF2 overwhelmed → apoptosis Importance: ★★☆☆☆ (Highly context dependent; double-edged)
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| (Also known as Hsp32 and HMOX1) HO-1 is the common abbreviation for the protein (heme oxygenase‑1) produced by the HMOX1 gene. HO-1 is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including the breakdown of heme, a toxic molecule. Research has shown that HO-1 is involved in the development and progression of cancer. -widely regarded as having antioxidant and cytoprotective effects -The overall activity of HO‑1 helps to reduce the pro‐oxidant load (by degrading free heme, a pro‑oxidant) and to generate molecules (like bilirubin) that can protect cells from oxidative damage Studies have found that HO-1 is overexpressed in various types of cancer, including lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancer. The overexpression of HO-1 in cancer cells can contribute to their survival and proliferation by: Reducing oxidative stress and inflammation Promoting angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) Inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death) Enhancing cell migration and invasion When HO-1 is at a normal level, it mainly exerts an antioxidant effect, and when it is excessively elevated, it causes an accumulation of iron ions. A proper cellular level of HMOX1 plays an antioxidative function to protect cells from ROS toxicity. However, its overexpression has pro-oxidant effects to induce ferroptosis of cells, which is dependent on intracellular iron accumulation and increased ROS content upon excessive activation of HMOX1. -Curcumin Activates the Nrf2 pathway leading to HO‑1 induction; known for its anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant effects. -Resveratrol Induces HO‑1 via activation of SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling; exhibits antioxidant and cardioprotective properties. -Quercetin Activates Nrf2 and related antioxidant pathways; contributes to anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory responses. -EGCG Promotes HO‑1 expression through activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway; also exhibits anti‑inflammatory and anticancer properties. -Sulforaphane One of the most potent natural HO‑1 inducers; triggers Nrf2 nuclear translocation and upregulates a battery of phase II detoxifying enzymes. -Luteolin Induces HO‑1 via Nrf2 activation; may also exert anti‑inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in various cell models. -Apigenin Has been reported to induce HO‑1 expression partly via the MAPK and Nrf2 pathways; also known for anti‑inflammatory and anticancer activities. |
| 1770- | PG, | Propyl gallate sensitizes human lung cancer cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis by targeting heme oxygenase-1 for TRC8-mediated degradation |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:138 Target#:597 State#:% Dir#:1
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