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| Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) Menaquinone-4 (MK-4), a subtype of vitamin K2 Helps blood clot, calcium metabolise and heart health. Bone health: Vitamin K2 helps to regulate calcium levels in the body, which can help to prevent conditions such as osteoporosis and fractures. Vitamin K2 has been studied for its potential role in cancer prevention and treatment. Some of the key findings include: -Shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, including those found in leukemia, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. -Shown to induce apoptosis (cell death) in cancer cells, which can help to prevent the spread of cancer. -Shown to have anti-angiogenic effects, which means it can help to prevent the formation of new blood vessels that feed cancer cells. -Synergistic effects with other nutrients, such as vitamin D and calcium, to enhance its anti-cancer effects. UBIAD1 is the enzyme that makes MK-4 inside tissues Vitamin K2 exists in several forms known as menaquinones, with MK-4 and MK-7 being the most studied. MK-4 is often used in Japan for therapeutic purposes, whereas MK-7 (derived from bacterial fermentation) is widely available as a supplement in Western countries. For bone and cardiovascular health—and by extension, exploring potential anticancer benefits—doses for MK-7 commonly range from 90 to 200 micrograms per day. |
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| Type: enzymes |
| Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Citric Acid cycle or Krebs cycle, is a key metabolic pathway that plays a central role in cellular energy production. The TCA cycle is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and involve the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a molecule produced from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The TCA cycle produces: 1. NADH and FADH2 2. ATP 3. GTP Expression of TCA cycle enzymes is often downregulated in cancer cells. Since cancer cells often exhibit rewired metabolism, including alterations in the use of the TCA cycle, researchers are exploring potential therapeutic interventions that target metabolic enzymes or pathways. TCA cycle is essential for normal cellular metabolism, its role in cancer is multifaceted. Cancer cells often reprogram their metabolism—including the TCA cycle—to support rapid growth, adapt to hypoxia, and manage oxidative stress. Mutations in key TCA cycle enzymes generate oncometabolites that further contribute to cancer progression by disrupting normal cellular regulation. Rather than saying the TCA cycle is globally over- or underexpressed in cancer, it is more accurate to say that cancer cells reprogram the cycle—with selective upregulation of parts important for biosynthesis and survival and mutations or downregulation of other parts—to best support their growth and survival in a challenging microenvironment. Oncometabolites -Some metabolites in the Krebs cycle, when accumulated to abnormal levels due to genetic mutations or enzyme deficiencies, are termed “oncometabolites” because they can promote tumorigenesis. -Mutations in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) can lead to accumulation of succinate. -Mutations in fumarate hydratase (FH) result in an accumulation of fumarate. -Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2) result in a neomorphic enzyme activity that converts α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate: |
| 1214- | VitK2, | Vitamin K2 promotes PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis that leads to AMPK-dependent autophagic cell death in bladder cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | T24/HTB-9 | - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | J82 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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