TrxR1 Cancer Research Results

TrxR1, thioredoxin reductase 1: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type:
TrxR1 or TXNRD1 (Thioredoxin Reductase 1)
Redox Control, Stress Tolerance, and Therapy Resistance
• Many studies have found that an elevated expression of TrxR1 in breast tumors, NSCLC, HCC correlates with increased tumor aggressiveness and a poorer prognosis.
-TrxR1 expression was elevated by >50 fold in FaDu and HeLa cells, and by >20 fold in SCC-1 compared to either MSK-Leuk1 or keratinocytes.

High TXNRD1 expression often associates with:
-Advanced stage
-Therapy resistance
-Reduced survival

TrxR1 Inhibition
-Collapses redox control
-Causes rapid ROS accumulation
-Triggers apoptosis, especially in high-stress tumors


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
5461- AF,    Dual inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and proteasome is required for auranofin-induced paraptosis in breast cancer cells
- in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231 - in-vitro, Nor, MCF10
Paraptosis↑, We show here that 4~5 µM AF induces paraptosis, a non-apoptotic cell death mode characterized by dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, in breast cancer cells.
ER Stress↑,
TrxR↓, covalent inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)
selectivity↑, subtoxic doses of AF and Bz induced paraptosis selectively in breast cancer cells, sparing non-transformed MCF10A cells
toxicity↝, whereas 4~5 μM AF killed both cancer and MCF10A cells
ROS↑, We found that treatment with 5 μM AF very weakly and transiently increased ROS levels at 2~4 h and then again at 24 h
mt-TrxR1↓, AF inhibits cytosolic and mitochondrial TrxR (TrxR1 and TrxR2), two selenoenzymes for the Trx pathway [3]
mt-TrxR2↓,

5471- AF,    Anti-Tumoral Treatment with Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Inhibitor Auranofin Fosters Regulatory T Cell and B16F10 Expansion in Mice
- vitro+vivo, Melanoma, B16-F10
TrxR1↓, Auranofin, an FDA-approved antirheumatic drug and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) inhibitor, has demonstrated anti-tumoral properties
AntiTum↑,
ROS↑, TXNRD1 Inhibitors Elevated ROS Levels, Activate NRF2, and Kill B16F10 Cells In Vitro
NRF2↑,
TumCD↑,

1908- AgNPs,    Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles Inhibits Selenoprotein Synthesis and the Activity of Thioredoxin Reductase
- in-vitro, Lung, A549
TrxR↓, Exposure likewise inhibited TrxR activity in cultured cells, and Ag ions were potent inhibitors of purified rat TrxR isoform 1 (cytosolic) (TrxR1) enzyme.
TrxR1↓, Exposure to AgNPs leads to the inhibition of selenoprotein synthesis and inhibition of TrxR1
ROS↑, likely mechanism underlying increases in oxidative stress
ER Stress↑, increases endoplasmic reticulum stress,
TumCP↓, reduced cell proliferation during exposure to Ag.
selenoP↓, Exposure to AgNPs inhibits incorporation of selenium into selenoproteins.

1978- CUR,    Curcumin targeting the thioredoxin system elevates oxidative stress in HeLa cells
- in-vitro, Cerv, HeLa
TrxR1↓, curcumin can target the cytosolic/nuclear thioredoxin system to eventually elevate oxidative stress in HeLa cells
ROS↑,
DNA-PK↑, subsequently induces DNA oxidative damage
eff↑, curcumin-pretreated HeLa cells are more sensitive to oxidative stress
Trx↓, down-regulates Trx1 level and decreases Trx activity in HeLa cells
Trx1↓,

5152- GamB,    Gambogic Acid as a Candidate for Cancer Therapy: A Review
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, GA has obvious anti-cancer effects via various molecular mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis.
Apoptosis↑,
TumAuto↑,
TumCCA↑,
TumCI↓,
TumMeta↓,
angioG↓,
eff↑, In order to improve the efficacy in cancer treatment, nanometer drug delivery systems have been employed to load GA and form micelles, nanoparticles, nanofibers
NF-kB↓, GA could inhibit the activation of NF-κB
P53↑, GA increases p53 expression via down-regulating MDM2 in wild type p53 expressing human cancer cells (non-small cell lung H1299)
P21↑, GA could enhance p21Waf1/CIP1 expression to induce cell apoptosis in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) via suppressing MDM2
MDM2↓,
HSP90↓, GA was considered as a natural product inhibitor of Hsp90
Bcl-2↓, bcl-2 reduction is associated with the release of cytochrome c, leading to an apoptosis cascade reaction
Cyt‑c↑,
Casp↑,
MMP↓, rapid mitochondrial membrane depolarization and fragmentation
Casp3↑, activation of caspase-3, 9 and cleaved PARP and increased ratio of bax/bcl-2.
Casp9↑,
cl‑PARP↑,
Bax:Bcl2↑,
ROS↑, GA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be the cause of the collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which could also down-regulate SIRT1 in multiple myeloma
SIRT1↓,
TrxR1↓, GA may also interact with the thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) to elicit oxidative stress leading to ROS accumulation in hepatocellular carcinoma
Fas↓, GA with increased death receptor (Fas, FasL, Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and Apaf-1) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation.
FasL↑,
FADD↑,
APAF1↑,
DNAdam↑,
NF-kB↓, GA could inhibit NF-κB pathway through suppressing IκBα and p65 phosphorylation
STAT3↓, GA also suppressed the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) phosphorylation to induce cell apoptosis
MAPK↓, GA induced cell apoptosis via suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway and c-fos
cFos↓,
EGFR↓, GA could also enhance epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation and inhibit AKT/mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) via up-regulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-
Akt↓,
mTOR↓,
AMPK↑,
TumCCA↑, GA could obviously induce G2/M or G0/G1 arrest in various cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7 cells, K562 cells, U2OS cells, and so on
ChemoSen↑, GA distinctly sensitized doxorubicin (DOX)-resistant breast cancer cells through inhibiting P-glycoprotein and suppressing the survivin expression revealed by ROS-mediated activation of the p38 MAPK
P-gp↓,
survivin↓,

1954- GamB,    Gambogic acid induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells by targeting cytosolic thioredoxin reductase
- in-vitro, HCC, SMMC-7721 cell
AntiTum↑, Gambogic acid (GA), a natural product that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, demonstrates potent anticancer activity in numerous types of human cancer cells and has entered phase II clinical trials
TrxR↓, GA may interact with TrxR1 to elicit oxidative stress
TrxR1↓,
ROS↑,
Apoptosis↑, eventually induce apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells.
Dose∅, GA effectively inhibited TrxR1 with an IC 50 around 1.2 uM,
Dose?, Under our experimental conditions, GA with concentration less than 5 uM gives only marginal inhibition of Trx

2922- LT,    Combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches helps unravel the mechanisms of luteolin in inducing liver cancer cell death via targeting AKT1 and SRC
- in-vitro, Liver, HUH7
Half-Life↝, However, after oral administration, luteolin showed relatively rapid absorption and slow elimination in rats, with a tmax (time to reach peak plasma level) of approximately 1.02 h and a t1/2 (elimination half-life) of 4.94 h, indicating that luteolin
TumCCA↑, luteolin could promote cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HuH-7 cells
AKT1↓, Dramatic downregulation of components downstream of the AKT1-ASK2-ATF2 pathway (CycD, BCL2, CycA, etc.), the AKT1-NF-κB pathway (BCL-XL and MIP2) and the AKT1-GSK3β-β-catenin pathway (c-Myc and CCND1)
ATF2↓,
NF-kB↓,
GSK‐3β↓,
cMyc↓,
GSTs↓, expression change of NQO-1, GSTs, and TRXR1 indicated the increase in ROS
TrxR1↓,
ROS↑,

1947- PL,    Piperlongumine as a direct TrxR1 inhibitor with suppressive activity against gastric cancer
- in-vitro, GC, SGC-7901 - in-vitro, GC, NA
TrxR1↓, In vivo, PL treatment markedly reduces the TrxR1 activity and tumor cell burden
ROS↑, PL may interact with the thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), an important selenocysteine (Sec)-containing antioxidant enzyme, to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells
ER Stress↑, PL induces a lethal endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human gastric cancer cells
mtDam↑,
selectivity↑, known to selectively kill tumor cells while sparing their normal counterparts. PL treatment did not cause a significant increase in ROS levels in normal GES-1 cells
NO↑, we found that nitric oxide was also induced by PL in gastric cancer cells
TumCCA↑, PL treatment significantly induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in human gastric cancer SGC-7901, BGC-823 and KATO III cells.
mt-ROS↑, mitochondrial ROS, were involved in the PL-induced cell death in gastric cancer cells.
Casp9↑, Notably, caspase-9 activity was significantly elevated after PL treatment in SGC-7901 cells
Bcl-2↓, PL treatment dose-dependently decreased the expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, but induced the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)
Bcl-xL↓,
cl‑PARP↑,
eff↓, Pre-incubation with GSH attenuated these effects confirming their linkage to PL-induced oxidative stress
lipid-P↑, PL dose-dependently increased the level of lipid peroxidation product (MDA), a marker of ROS, in tumor tissues

1944- PL,    Piperlongumine, a Novel TrxR1 Inhibitor, Induces Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by ROS-Mediated ER Stress
- in-vitro, HCC, HUH7 - in-vitro, HCC, HepG2
ER Stress↑, PL induces a lethal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in HCC cells
TrxR1↓, PL treatment reduces TrxR1 activity and tumor cell burden in vivo
ROS↑, and increasing intracellular ROS levels
eff↓, Interestingly, pretreatment with NAC, a specific ROS inhibitor, for 2 h apparently suppressed PL-induced increases in ROS levels
Bcl-2↓, PL treatment decreased the levels of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and procaspase3 and increased the levels of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner.
proCasp3↓,
BAX↓,
cl‑Casp3↑,
TumCCA↑, PL Induces ROS-Dependent G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest in HCC Cells
p‑PERK↑, PL increased the expression of p-PERK and ATF4 in a dose-dependent manner.
ATF4↑,
TumCG↓, PL Inhibits HUH-7 Xenograft Tumor Growth Accompanied by Increased ROS Levels and Decreased Trxr1 Activity
lipid-P↑, PL treatment increased the levels of the product of lipid peroxidation (MDA) in tumor tissues ( Figure 6H ), suggesting increased ROS levels
selectivity↑, In normal cells, TrxR1 can protect against oxidant stress

2950- PL,    Overview of piperlongumine analogues and their therapeutic potential
- Review, Var, NA
AntiAg↑, PL has been shown to exert in vitro antiplatelet aggregation effect induced by agonists such as collagen, adenosine 50-diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA) and thrombin.
neuroP↑, Neuroprotective activity of PL and its derivatives
Inflam↓, Anti-inflammatory activity of PL and its derivatives
NO↓, production of NO and PGE2 was significantly inhibited after the treatment of PL.
PGE2↓,
MMP3↓, PL also significantly suppressed the production of MMP-3 and MMP-13
MMP13↓,
TumCMig↓, PL inhibited the proliferation, induced the apoptosis and reduced the migration and invasion of RA FLS by activating the p38, JNK, NF-kB and STAT3 pathways
TumCI↓,
p38↑,
JNK↑,
NF-kB↑,
ROS↑, PL has been reported to selectively induce apoptotic by ROS accumulation in cancer cells via different molecular mechanisms.
FOXM1↓, PL inhibited proteasome including suppression of FOXM1
TrxR1↓, induction of ROS by directly inhibiting thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) activity
GSH↓, Wang et al. demonstrated that PL could inhibit both glutathione and thioredoxin and thus induce ROS elevation,
Trx↓,
cMyc↓, downregulation of c-Myc and LMP1 and the Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis of Burkitt lymphoma cells in vitro.
Casp3↑,
Bcl-2↓, PL could downregulate Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 and decrease the expression of STAT-3
Mcl-1↓,
STAT3↓, Bharadwaj et al. identified PL as a direct STAT3 inhibitor
AR↓, Golovine et al. demonstrated for the first time that PL rapidly reduced the androgen receptor protein level of prostate cancer cells
DNAdam↑, inducing DNA damage,

1984- PTL,    Targeting Thioredoxin Reductase by Parthenolide Contributes to Inducing Apoptosis of HeLa Cells
- in-vitro, Cerv, HeLa
AntiCan↑, PTL demonstrates potent anticancer efficacy in numerous types of malignant cells,
TrxR1↓, PTL interacts with both cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) and mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR2)
TrxR2↓,
ROS↑, elicit reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells
Apoptosis↑,
eff↓, blocked by pretreatment of the cells with NAC
eff↑, depletion of cellular GSH by pretreatment of the cells with BSO enhances the cytotoxicity of PTL

3183- SFN,    Sulforaphane potentiates the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy in glioblastoma by selectively targeting thioredoxin reductase 1
- in-vitro, GBM, NA
RadioS↑, SFN synergistically improves chemoradiotherapy efficacy in GBM cells
TrxR1↓, Herein, we demonstrate that sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate phytochemical with anti-cancer effects, inhibits the activity of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1)
ROS↑, This inhibition of TrxR1 leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby enhancing chemoradiotherapy-induced apoptosis in GBM cells.
ChemoSen↑,
Prx↓, Impaired/reduced function(ai)

2355- SK,    Pharmacological properties and derivatives of shikonin-A review in recent years
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, anticancer effects on various types of cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis.
TumCP↓,
TumCMig↓,
Apoptosis↑,
TumAuto↑,
Necroptosis↑,
ROS↑, Shikonin also triggers Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation
TrxR1↓, inhibiting the activation of TrxR1, PKM2, RIP1/3, Src, and FAK
PKM2↓,
RIP1↓,
RIP3↓,
Src↓,
FAK↓,
PI3K↓, modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPKs signaling;
Akt↓, shikonin induced a dose-dependent reduction of miR-19a to inhibit the activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
mTOR↓,
GRP58↓, shikonin induced apoptosis in human myeloid cell line HL-60 cells through downregulating the expression of ERS protein ERP57 (42).
MMPs↓, hikonin suppressed cell migration through inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and reducing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9
ATF2↓, shikonin inhibited cell proliferation and tumor growth through suppressing the ATF2 pathway
cl‑PARP↑, shikonin significantly upregulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins cleaved PARP and caspase-3 and increased cell apoptosis through increasing the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK, and inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK
Casp3↑,
p‑p38↑,
p‑JNK↑,
p‑ERK↓,

2200- SK,    Shikonin inhibits the growth of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by promoting ferroptosis and inhibiting glycolysis
- in-vitro, Thyroid, CAL-62 - in-vitro, Thyroid, 8505C
NF-kB↓, SKN inhibits the expression of NF-κB,GPX4,TXNRD1,PKM2,GLUT1.
GPx4↓,
TrxR1↓, TXNRD1
PKM2↓,
GLUT1↓,
Glycolysis↓, inhibiting glycolysis in ATC cells.
Ferroptosis↑, SKN in inducing intracellular ferroptosis
GlucoseCon↓, Measurements of glucose uptake after 1, 3, and 5 μM concentrations of SKN treatment for 24 h showed a decrease in both cells
lactateProd↓, Lactate production in the cells decreased with the rise of SKN treatment concentration
ROS↑, cellular ROS increased significantly with the rise in SKN concentration

2196- SK,    Research progress in mechanism of anticancer action of shikonin targeting reactive oxygen species
- Review, Var, NA
*ALAT↓, shikonin was found to mitigate the rise in ALT and AST levels triggered by LPS/GalN
*AST↓,
*Inflam?, demonstrated the anti-inflammatory properties of shikonin within two traditional mouse models frequently employed in pharmacological research to assess anti-inflammatory activities
*EMT↑, Shikonin stimulates EMT by weakening the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65
ROS?, naphthoquinone framework possesses the capacity to produce ROS, which in turn modulate cellular oxidative stress levels
TrxR1↓, Duan and colleagues demonstrated that shikonin specifically inhibits the physiological function of TrxR1 by targeting its Sec residue
PERK↑, In vivo Western blot of HCT-15(colon cancer) xenografts showed shikonin upregulated PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP and IRE1α/JNK pathways.
eIF2α↑,
ATF4↑,
CHOP↑,
IRE1↑,
JNK↑,
eff↝, oral shikonin did not demonstrate anti-tumor effects in the colorectal cancer model, intraperitoneal injection significantly inhibited tumor growth.
DR5↑, upregulation of Death Receptor 5 (DR5) in cholangiocarcinoma cells through ROS-induced activation of the JNK signaling cascade.
Glycolysis↓, inhibited glycolysis in HepG2 cells by suppressing the activity of PKM2, a critical enzyme within the glycolytic pathway
PKM2↓,
ChemoSen↑, The combination of shikonin with drugs can reverse drug resistance and enhance therapeutic efficacy
GPx4↓, shikonin conjunction with cisplatin overcame drug resistance in cancer cells, downregulated GPX4, and upregulated haemoglobin oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) inducing iron death in cells.
HO-1↑,


Showing Research Papers: 1 to 15 of 15

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 15

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress

Ferroptosis↑, 1,   GPx4↓, 2,   GSH↓, 1,   GSTs↓, 1,   HO-1↑, 1,   lipid-P↑, 2,   NRF2↑, 1,   Prx↓, 1,   ROS?, 1,   ROS↑, 14,   mt-ROS↑, 1,   selenoP↓, 1,   Trx↓, 2,   Trx1↓, 1,   TrxR↓, 3,   TrxR1↓, 14,   mt-TrxR1↓, 1,   TrxR2↓, 1,   mt-TrxR2↓, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics

MMP↓, 1,   mtDam↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis

AKT1↓, 1,   AMPK↑, 1,   cMyc↓, 2,   GlucoseCon↓, 1,   Glycolysis↓, 2,   lactateProd↓, 1,   PKM2↓, 3,   SIRT1↓, 1,  

Cell Death

Akt↓, 2,   APAF1↑, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 4,   ATF2↓, 2,   BAX↓, 1,   Bax:Bcl2↑, 1,   Bcl-2↓, 4,   Bcl-xL↓, 1,   Casp↑, 1,   Casp3↑, 3,   cl‑Casp3↑, 1,   proCasp3↓, 1,   Casp9↑, 2,   Cyt‑c↑, 1,   DR5↑, 1,   FADD↑, 1,   Fas↓, 1,   FasL↑, 1,   Ferroptosis↑, 1,   GRP58↓, 1,   JNK↑, 2,   p‑JNK↑, 1,   MAPK↓, 1,   Mcl-1↓, 1,   MDM2↓, 1,   Necroptosis↑, 1,   p38↑, 1,   p‑p38↑, 1,   Paraptosis↑, 1,   RIP1↓, 1,   survivin↓, 1,   TumCD↑, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress

CHOP↑, 1,   eIF2α↑, 1,   ER Stress↑, 4,   HSP90↓, 1,   IRE1↑, 1,   PERK↑, 1,   p‑PERK↑, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes

TumAuto↑, 2,  

DNA Damage & Repair

DNA-PK↑, 1,   DNAdam↑, 2,   P53↑, 1,   cl‑PARP↑, 3,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence

P21↑, 1,   TumCCA↑, 5,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State

cFos↓, 1,   p‑ERK↓, 1,   FOXM1↓, 1,   GSK‐3β↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 2,   PI3K↓, 1,   Src↓, 1,   STAT3↓, 2,   TumCG↓, 1,  

Migration

AntiAg↑, 1,   FAK↓, 1,   MMP13↓, 1,   MMP3↓, 1,   MMPs↓, 1,   RIP3↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 2,   TumCMig↓, 2,   TumCP↓, 2,   TumMeta↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature

angioG↓, 1,   ATF4↑, 2,   EGFR↓, 1,   NO↓, 1,   NO↑, 1,  

Barriers & Transport

GLUT1↓, 1,   P-gp↓, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling

Inflam↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 4,   NF-kB↑, 1,   PGE2↓, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors

AR↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance

ChemoSen↑, 3,   Dose?, 1,   Dose∅, 1,   eff↓, 3,   eff↑, 3,   eff↝, 1,   Half-Life↝, 1,   RadioS↑, 1,   selectivity↑, 3,  

Clinical Biomarkers

AR↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 1,   FOXM1↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes

AntiCan↑, 3,   AntiTum↑, 2,   neuroP↑, 1,   toxicity↝, 1,  
Total Targets: 122

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Core Metabolism/Glycolysis

ALAT↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State

EMT↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling

Inflam?, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers

ALAT↓, 1,   AST↓, 1,  
Total Targets: 5

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: TrxR1, thioredoxin reductase 1
3 Piperlongumine
3 Shikonin
2 Auranofin
2 Gambogic Acid
1 Silver-NanoParticles
1 Curcumin
1 Luteolin
1 Parthenolide
1 Sulforaphane (mainly Broccoli)
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:%  Target#:1207  State#:%  Dir#:1
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