GH is secreted by the pituitary and also produced locally by many tumors (autocrine/paracrine GH).
Growth hormone signaling is pro-oncogenic when chronically elevated or locally produced by tumors, acting mainly through:
-IGF-1 → PI3K–AKT–mTOR
-JAK2–STAT5
-Angiogenesis and EMT support
It functions as a metabolic growth amplifier, especially in insulin-resistant and obesity-linked cancers.
Interventions (context-dependent):
-Caloric restriction / fasting
-Insulin sensitivity improvement
-mTOR / IGF-1R pathway inhibition (oncology settings)
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