TG/TAG Cancer Research Results

TG/TAG, triglycerides: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type: biomarker, lipid/metabolic

Triglycerides are also called triacylglycerols: molecules consisting of glycerol esterified to three fatty acids. They are the principal storage form of fat and are transported in blood mainly within chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins.

-Triglycerides / intracellular TAG 
Triglycerides are commonly measured in studies involving:
  dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome;
  insulin resistance;
  obesity and fatty liver disease;
  cardiovascular risk;
  treatment-related metabolic toxicity;
  nutritional and omega-3 interventions.

Different Compartments:
  Serum TG
  Plasma TG
  Intracellular TG (TAG)
  Hepatic TG


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
7407- Amla,    Functional and Nutraceutical Significance of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.): A Review
- Review, Nor, NA
*Inflam↓, amla has been proven to have anti-hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, and antioxidant activities
*antiOx↑,
*GSH↑, a study using the extract from amla leaves (200–400 mg/kg BW) indicated a similar protective effect in diabetic mice by reducing inducing the activity of GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT activity and also reducing lipid peroxidation
*GPx↑,
*SOD↑,
*Catalase↑,
*lipid-P↓, significant reduction in the peroxidation level and increased antioxidant status were observed in subjects that consumed 250 mg (twice a day) for 60 days
*ROS↓, polyphenols (especially tannins and flavonoids) present in this fruit extract significantly reduced oxidative stress by scavenging NOx.
*cardioP↑, Fruit Gallic acid Cardioprotective activity
*AntiDiabetic↑, Fruit Ellagic acid Antidiabetic activity
*neuroP↑, Fruit Emblicanin A and B Neuroprotective activity
*GastroP↑, Fruit Tannins and gallic acid Gastrointestinal protective activity
*COX2/PTGS2↓, inhibited the enhanced mitochondrial COX-2, MDA, and Bax expressions in the liver
*MDA↓,
*BAX↓,
*TG/TAG↓, Figure 2
*HDL↑,
*LDL↓,
*HMG-CoA↓,
*Dose↝, At the human level, a 500 mg dose of P. emblica L. extract (twice a day) for three months reduced the high sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, and LDL levels in Class I obese subjects
*CRP↓,
DNAdam↑, Particularly for amla extracts, DNA fragmentation, increased activity of caspase-3, 7, and 8, and up-regulation of Fas protein were observed in the HeLa cell line,
Casp3↑,
Casp7↑,
Casp8↑,
Fas↑,
TumCI↓, This study also indicated that P. emblica L. decreased the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells (in vitro Matrigel invasion study), and no cytotoxicity was seen in normal lung fibroblasts (MRC5)
selectivity↑,

7421- CS,    Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial
- Trial, Nor, NA
*hepatoP↑, Artichoke leaf extract (ALE) has shown potential as a hepatoprotective agent.
*Dose↝, 100 subjects with ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD were randomized to either ALE 600 mg daily or placebo for a 2-month period.
*toxicity↓, with no side effects reported.
*BloodF↑, Doppler sonography showed increased hepatic vein flow (p < .001), reduced portal vein diameter (p < .001) and liver size (p < .001), reduction in serum ALT (p < .001) and AST (p < .001) levels, improvement in AST/ALT ratio
*ALAT↓,
*AST↓,
*Bil↓, and reduction in total bilirubin
*LDL↓, ALE supplementation reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations
*HDL↓,
*TG/TAG↓,

7429- CS,    Functional and Therapeutic Potential of Cynara scolymus in Health Benefits
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, IBD, NA - Review, AD, NA
*Inflam↓, C. scolymus exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, liver-protective, bile-expelling, antimicrobial, and lipid-lowering neuroprotective properties.
*antiOx↑, Of particular interest is the abundance of chlorogenic acid, a type of caffeoylquinic acid known also by its antioxidant activity.
*hepatoP↑,
*lipid-P↓,
*TNF-α↓, Pectins from artichoke reduced the expression of inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, ICAM-I, IL-1β, and IL-6 in mice. This has resulted in a decrease in iNOS and TLR4 expression in favor of reducing inflammation.
*ICAM-1↓,
*IL1β↓,
*IL6↓,
*MUC1↑, artichoke pectin increased the intestinal barrier genes expression, MUC-1 and Occludin.
*OCLN↑,
*IBI↑, artichoke pectin has the potential to improve IBD by inhibiting inflammation and promoting the expression of genes involved in intestinal barrier function
*ROS↓, The beneficial components derived from artichoke have shown important scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals.
*cardioP↑, Moreover, artichoke leaf extracts supplementation has also decreased the cardiac markers and increased the antioxidant enzyme SOD, GPx, and GSH activities [80].
*SOD↑,
*GPx↑,
*GSH↑,
*TG/TAG↓, resulting in lower triglyceride (TG) levels
*LDL↓, 8 weeks with artichoke leaf extracts (administered as two daily doses of 250 mg). This treatment significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-c),
*neuroP↑, Growing evidence highlights the neuroprotective role of polyphenols
*5HT↑, Polyphenols have been shown to improve mood by increasing serotonin levels in the brain, stimulating the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and reducing inflammation
*BDNF↑,

7422- CS,    Lipid-lowering activity of artichoke extracts: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Review, Nor, NA
*LDL↓, Meta-analysis of data from 9 trials including 702 subjects suggested a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol , Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and triglycerides
*TG/TAG↓,
*HDL∅, No significant alteration in plasma High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations was observed

6819- EMD,    Recent advances in the therapeutic potential of emodin for human health
- Review, Nor, NA
AntiCan↑, It has therapeutic effects in cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases or chronic inflammatory diseases.
*AntiDiabetic↑, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.
*neuroP↑,
*Inflam↓,
*antiOx↑,
*BioAv↓, Because its bioavailability is low, there are limitations in clinical therapeutic use.
*BioAv↑, combined administration of emodin and piperine has been observed to clinically improve emodin pharmacokinetics, increasing 221 % of the area under the curve (AUC), 258 % the maximum concentration (Cmax), and decreasing 230 % the clearance related to
*SOD↑, fig 2 antioxidant
*GPx↑,
*GSH↑,
*NRF2↑,
*ROS↓,
*lipid-P↓,
*Cyt‑c↓,
*BAX↓, fig 2 antiinflammatory
*Bcl-2↓,
*iNOS↓,
*NO↓,
*IL6↓,
*IL10↓,
*IL17↓,
*IFN-γ↓,
*NF-kB↓,
*LC3II↓,
*Akt↓,
*Beclin-1↓,
*AMPK↓, fig 2 neuroprotective
*TNF-α↓,
*PGE2↓,
*Apoptosis↓,
*Casp3↓,
*Casp9↓,
*P53↓,
*P21↓,
*NAD↓, neuronal oxidative stress
*ATP↓,
*CHOP/DDIT3↓,
*GADD34↓,
*ATF4↓,
tumCV↓, fig 2 anticancer
Apoptosis↑,
TumCG↓,
TumCI↓,
TumMeta↓,
CSCs↓, glioma stem cells ↓b-catenin, ↓Notch-1, ↓STAT3
NOTCH1↓,
STAT3↓,
eff↑, emodin combined with curcumin ↓proliferation, ↑miR-34a
miR-34a↓,
*neuroP↑, Neuroprotective LPS-stimulated mouse ↓Nrf-2, NQO1, ↓TNF-α,↓↓ IL-6, ↓NO, ↓PGE2
*BDNF↓, model of chronic stress mice in vivo ↓progression of behavioral impairments in mice ↓consumption of sucrose, ↓plasmatic corticosterone, ↓mRNA, ↓BDNF,
*hepatoP↑, Hepatoprotective rats in vivo ↓ethanol-mediated liver steatosis ↓ ALT, ↓AST, ↓ TGL
*ALAT↓,
*AST↓,
TG/TAG↓,
ROS↑, However, at higher concentrations, emodin significantly increased ROS generation and reduced cell viability.
Slug↓, expression levels of Slug (a transcription factor) were also suppressed with emodin treatment.
EMT↓, results suggested that emodin suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells through the ILK/GSK-3β/Slug signaling pathway
Glycolysis↓, In addition, emodin inhibited glycolysis via ROS-induced inactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
ChemoSen↑, The study by Peng et al. [130] also showed chemosensitizing effects of emodin to cisplatin in A549 (2–20 µM, for 48 h) and H460 (0.5–10 µM) non-small cell lung cancer cells.
P-gp/ABCB1↓, The sensitization mechanism was mediated by the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a drug-resistant protein related to the efflux pump mechanism.
Ki-67↓, The significant reduction of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein levels supported the antiproliferative effect of emodin in animal models.
PCNA↓,
ER Stress↑, findings suggested that emodin exerts its apoptotic effects in a process mediated by ER stress and the activation of the TRIB3/NF-κB pathway in lung cancer cells.
TRIB3↑,
NF-kB↑,
TumMeta↑, Emodin (40 mg/kg for 7 days) significantly decreased the metastatic recurrence of breast cancer after surgery in the lungs by reducing the formation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC).
*Imm↓, emodin may be developed as an immunosuppressive agent in case of immune activation, autoimmune disorders even in organ transplantation
*toxicity↝, An excess of emodin due to its laxative effects causes intestinal pain and severe diarrhea with subsequent electrolyte imbalance and dehydration [157]. Therefore, treatment should begin when symptoms appear, with special attention to electrolyte leve


Showing Research Papers: 1 to 5 of 5

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 5

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

ROS↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

Glycolysis↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Apoptosis↑, 1,   Casp3↑, 1,   Casp7↑, 1,   Casp8↑, 1,   Fas↑, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

tumCV↓, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

ER Stress↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↑, 1,   PCNA↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

CSCs↓, 1,   EMT↓, 1,   miR-34a↓, 1,   NOTCH1↓, 1,   STAT3↓, 1,   TumCG↓, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

Ki-67↓, 1,   Slug↓, 1,   TRIB3↑, 1,   TumCI↓, 2,   TumMeta↓, 1,   TumMeta↑, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

P-gp/ABCB1↓, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

NF-kB↑, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

ChemoSen↑, 1,   eff↑, 1,   selectivity↑, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

Ki-67↓, 1,   TG/TAG↓, 1,   TRIB3↑, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 32

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 3,   Bil↓, 1,   Catalase↑, 1,   GPx↑, 3,   GSH↑, 3,   HDL↓, 1,   HDL↑, 1,   HDL∅, 1,   lipid-P↓, 3,   MDA↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 1,   ROS↓, 3,   SOD↑, 3,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AMPK↓, 1,   HMG-CoA↓, 1,   LDL↓, 4,   NAD↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Akt↓, 1,   Apoptosis↓, 1,   BAX↓, 2,   Bcl-2↓, 1,   Casp3↓, 1,   Casp9↓, 1,   Cyt‑c↓, 1,   GADD34↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

CHOP/DDIT3↓, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

Beclin-1↓, 1,   LC3II↓, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

P53↓, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

P21↓, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

MUC1↑, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

ATF4↓, 1,   NO↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

GastroP↑, 1,   IBI↑, 1,   OCLN↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

COX2/PTGS2↓, 1,   CRP↓, 1,   ICAM-1↓, 1,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   IL10↓, 1,   IL17↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 1,   IL6↓, 2,   Imm↓, 1,   Inflam↓, 3,   NF-kB↓, 1,   PGE2↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 2,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission(tgid=18) ⓘ

5HT↑, 1,   BDNF↓, 1,   BDNF↑, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 1,   BioAv↑, 1,   Dose↝, 2,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AST↓, 2,   Bil↓, 1,   BloodF↑, 1,   CRP↓, 1,   IL6↓, 2,   TG/TAG↓, 4,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiDiabetic↑, 2,   cardioP↑, 2,   hepatoP↑, 3,   neuroP↑, 4,   toxicity↓, 1,   toxicity↝, 1,  
Total Targets: 71

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: TG/TAG, triglycerides
3 Cynara scolymus/Globe Artichoke/Artichoke Extract
1 Phyllanthus emblica/Emblica officinalis/Amla / Indian Gooseberry
1 Emodin
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:%  Target#:1529  State#:%  Dir#:1
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