Risk Cancer Research Results

Risk, Risk: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type:
Risk: by definition reduces risk of disease or cancer.
Down Target direction of risk indicates lower cancer risk.
ChemoPreventive also mean lower cancer risk. But for Chemopreventive an up arrow indicates more preventive. 
Cancer Risk Impact Score (CRIS)
CRIS scale:
–5 = very strong risk reduction
–4 = strong risk reduction
–3 = moderate risk reduction
–2 = modest risk reduction
–1 = weak / context-dependent
0 = neutral




CRIS Exposure / Compound Evidence Cancers Notes




-5 Exercise (overall)
VStrong Hum BC, CRC, Endo, PCa, Liv






-5 Aerobic + resistance VStrong Hum Broad inc + mort






-4 Aerobic exercise (mod–vig) VStrong Hum BC, CRC, Endo






-4 Resistance training (alone) Strong Hum BC, CRC






-3 High-intensity interval training Mod–Strong Hum BC, CRC






-2 NEAT / low-intensity activity Moderate Hum CRC






-5 Cruciferous vegetable pattern Strong Hum Lung, CRC, BC, PCa






-5 Sunlight exposure (physiologic) Strong Hum CRC, BC, PCa






-4 Fasting (metabolic pattern)
Strong Mech + Hum BC, CRC, PCa 






-4 Curcumin
Hum + Pre GI, BC, PCa






-4 Sulforaphane
Hum + Pre Lung, CRC, BC






-4 PEITC
Hum + Pre Lung, CRC, PCa






-4 EGCG (tea matrix)
Strong Hum GI, PCa, BC






-4 Lycopene
Strong Hum PCa






-4 Apigenin
Pre + Diet Hum BC, PCa, CRC 






-4 Luteolin
Pre + Diet Hum Lung, CRC, BC 






-4 Kaempferol
Diet Hum Ov, Panc, Lung






-4 Fisetin
Pre + Early Hum CRC, PCa, Mel






-4 Ellagic acid → Urolithin A
Hum (microbiome) CRC, PCa, BC






-3 Omega-3 (EPA/DHA)
Strong Hum CRC, BC






-3 Vitamin D3 (supp)
Obs + RCT CRC, BC






-3 Garlic (allicin)
Mod Hum GI






-3 Mushroom beta-glucans
Hum adjunct GI, BC






-3 Melatonin
Hum + Mech BC, PCa






-3 Coffee (whole)
Strong Hum Liv, Endo






-2 Quercetin
Limited Hum Lung, CRC






-2 Resveratrol
Limited Hum CRC, BC






-2 I3C / DIM
Mod Hum BC, Cerv






-2 Thymoquinone
Early Hum BC, CRC






-2 Beta-carotene (food)
Hum Lung






-1 Vitamin K2 (MK-4/7)
Limited Hum Liv, PCa






-1 Boron
Obs PCa, Lung






0 Vitamin C (oral)
Strong Hum —






0 Genistein (soy)
Strong Hum BC, PCa






0 Selenium (diet)
Mixed Hum PCa






0 Capsaicin
Mixed Gastric






+2 Vitamin E (alpha only)
Strong RCT PCa






+2 Green tea extract (high-dose)
Case reports Liv






+4 Beta-carotene (supplement)
Strong RCT Lung (smokers)






+5 Alcohol (ethanol)
Strong Hum BC, Liv, Eso







Evidence
Hum        human data
VStrong    very strong
Strong     strong
Mod        moderate
Obs        observational
Pre        preclinical
RCT        randomized controlled trial
Mech       mechanistic
Adjunct    adjunct clinical use


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
5296- 5-HTP,    Serotonergic Regulation in Alzheimer’s Disease
- Review, AD, NA
*Risk↓, There is evidence that damage or dysfunction of the 5-HT system contributes to the development of AD, and different subtypes of 5-HT receptors are a potential target for the treatment of AD
*5HT↓, Serotonin is an antioxidant that inhibits the generation of ROS, malondialdehyde and carbonyls, prevents thiol oxidation, reduces the degradation of 2-deoxy-D-ribose, and prevents apoptosis
*ROS↓,
*MDA↓,
*Apoptosis↓,
*Mood↑, Serotonin deficiency may be responsible for the increase in aggressive behavior and depression often observed in patients with AD.
*other↑, Exercise and a Mediterranean diet increase 5-HT and BDNF levels, thereby improving mood and cognition.
*other↑, In particular, the evidence suggests that sulforaphane’s beneficial effects can be mainly ascribed to its peculiar ability to activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway [271].

5304- 5-HTP,    Serotoninergic System in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
- Human, AD, NA
*Risk↓, Concentrations of both 5-HT and 5-HIAA detected by this system were lower than the concentrations obtained using conventional amperometric detection.

3972- ACNs,    Recent Research on the Health Benefits of Blueberries and Their Anthocyanins
- Review, AD, NA - Review, Park, NA
*cardioP↑, Epidemiological studies associate regular, moderate intake of blueberries and/or anthocyanins with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, death, and type 2 diabetes, and with improved weight maintenance and neuroprotection.
*neuroP↑,
*Inflam↓, Among the more important healthful aspects of blueberries are their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions and their beneficial effects on vascular and glucoregulatory function
*antiOx↓,
*GutMicro↑, Blueberry phytochemicals may affect gastrointestinal microflora and contribute to host health
*Half-Life↑, However, >50% of the 13C still remained in the body after 48 h
*LDL↓, controlled study of 58 diabetic patients, blueberry intake led to a decline in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and adiponectin and an increase in HDL cholesterol
*adiP↓,
*HDL↑,
*CRP↓, reduction was documented in inflammatory markers, including serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, and plasma IL-1β
*IL1β↓,
*Risk↓, lower Parkinson disease risk was associated with the highest quintile of anthocyanin (RR: 0.76) and berry (RR: 0.77) intake
*Risk↓, Nurse's Health Study, greater intake of blueberries and strawberries was associated with slower rates of cognitive decline in older adults, with an estimated delay in decline of about 2.5 y
*cognitive↑, Cognitive performance in elderly adults improved after 12 wk of daily intake of blueberry (94) or Concord grape (95) juice.
*memory↑, Better task switching and reduced interference in memory was found in healthy older adults after 90 d of blueberry supplementation
*other↑, After 12 wk of blueberry consumption, greater brain activity was detected using magnetic resonance imaging in healthy older adults during a cognitive challenge.
*BOLD↑, Similarly, during a memory test, regional blood oxygen level-dependent activity detected by MRI (99) was enhanced in the subjects taking blueberry, but not in those taking placebo.
*NO↓, 50–200 mg/d bilberry showed a dose-dependent decrease in neurotoxic NO and malondialdehyde, combined with an increase in neuroprotective antioxidant capacity due to glutathione, vitamin C, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase
*MDA↓,
*GSH↑,
*VitC↑,
*SOD↑,
*GPx↑,
*eff↓, The percentage loss of blueberry anthocyanins during −18°C storage was 12% after 10 mo of storage
*eff↓, Freeze-dried blueberry powder loses anthocyanins in a temperature-dependent manner with a half-life of 139, 39, and 12 d when stored at 25, 42, and 60°C, respectively
*eff↓, Blueberries are low in ascorbic acid and high in anthocyanins (187), and notably anthocyanins are readily degraded by ascorbic acid
*eff↝, Shelf-stable blueberry products like jam (196), juice (197), and extracts (198) can lose polyphenolic compounds when stored at ambient temperature whereas refrigeration mitigates losses.
*Risk↓, It can be safely stated that daily moderate intake (50 mg anthocyanins, one-third cup of blueberries) can mitigate the risk of diseases and conditions of major socioeconomic importance in the Western world.

546- AL,    Effects of garlic intake on cancer: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials and cohort studies
- Review, NA, NA
Risk↓,
TumVol↓, significant decrease in the number and size of colorectal adenomas

545- AL,    Association and mechanism of garlic consumption with gastrointestinal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta‑analysis
Risk↓, reduced cancer risk

544- AL,    Garlic constituents for cancer prevention and therapy: From phytochemistry to novel formulations
Risk↓,
ChemoSideEff↓,
TumCG↓,
NF-kB⇅, alter

547- AL,    Garlic and Cancer: A Critical Review of the Epidemiologic Literature
- Review, NA, NA
Risk↓,

548- AL,    Aged Garlic and Cancer: A Systematic Review
- Review, NA, NA
Risk↓,

5262- aLinA,    The Role of Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Other Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Mental Health: A Narrative Review
- Review, AD, NA
*neuroP↑, The evidence suggests that PUFAs are beneficial for mental health, brain function, and behavior. ALA, EPA, and DHA have very significant neuroprotective properties, particularly in inducing changes to the synaptic membrane and modulating brain cell s
*Risk↓, DHA is a primary component of neuronal membranes in regions critical to memory and cognition, such as the hippocampus and cortex, and low levels of DHA are associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline [16,22].
*cognitive↑, Omega-3 supplementation has shown promise in delaying cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, potentially due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, as well as its role in neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enh
*Inflam↓,
*antiOx↑,
*BDNF↑,

4765- antiOx,  Chemo,    Antioxidants as precision weapons in war against cancer chemotherapy induced toxicity – Exploring the armoury of obscurity
- Review, Var, NA
chemoP↑, Our comprehensive data suggests that antioxidant has superior potential of ameliorating chemotherapeutic induced toxicity
ChemoSen↑, Antioxidant supplementation during chemotherapy also promises higher therapeutic efficiency and increased survival times in patients
OS↑,
Dose↑, On the contrary, many integrative practitioner converse uses of antioxidant supplements allowing patients to tolerate possibly higher effective doses of chemotherapy
Risk↓, Among antioxidant users, frequent use of vitamin C and vitamin E was associated with decreased risk of BC recurrence, vitamin E use was associated with decreased risk of all cause mortality
eff↓, but conversely, frequent use of combination carotenoids was associated with increased risk of death from breast cancer and all cause mortality

5403- ASA,    Low-Dose Aspirin for PI3K-Altered Localized Colorectal Cancer
- Trial, CRC, NA
Risk↓, The estimated 3-year cumulative incidence of recurrence was 7.7% with aspirin and 14.1% with placebo (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24 to 0.98; P = 0.04) among patients with group A alterations and 7.7% and 16.8%
other↝, Aspirin led to a significantly lower incidence of colorectal cancer recurrence than placebo among patients with PIK3CA hotspot mutations in exon 9 or 20 and appeared to have a similar benefit among those with other somatic alterations in PI3K pathway

5414- ASA,    Aspirin and cancer treatment: systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evidence: for and against
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓, Meta-analyses of 118 observational studies of mortality in cancer patients give evidence consistent with reductions of about 20% in mortality associated with aspirin use.
*toxicity↓, Reasons against aspirin use include increased risk of a gastrointestinal bleed though there appears to be no valid evidence that aspirin is responsible for fatal gastrointestinal bleeding.
other↑, In conclusion, given the relative safety and the favourable effects of aspirin, its use in cancer seems justified, and ethical implications of this imply that cancer patients should be informed of the present evidence
*COX1↓, recent evidence highlights additional targets for aspirin in tackling cancer progression directly, irrespective of COX activity [3, 4]
TumCP↓, Such targets include energy metabolism involved in cancer proliferation, cancer associated inflammation [5] and platelet driven pro-carcinogenic activity [2].
DNArepair↑, beneficial effect of aspirin on colon cancer risk through an enhancement of DNA-repair mechanisms [2].
ChemoSen↑, ‘basic science’ basis to justify using aspirin as an adjunct to other pre-existing therapies (e.g., immunotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy) in the treatment of cancer progression and metastasis [2, 14].
other↓, Aspirin has been shown repeatedly to reduce thromboembolism, including in patients with cancer [15]

5412- ASA,    Clinical Pharmacology of Aspirin
- Review, NA, NA
*COX1↓, Aspirin is the acetate ester of salicylic acid and acts by binding irreversibly to cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenases-2
*COX2↓,
*cardioP↑, Aspirin is consumed most often at low-doses for cardio-protection and at higher doses as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agents.
*BioAv↑, Orally ingested aspirin is absorbed rapidly and the peak concentration is reached in about 1 hour.
*BioAv↝, a rise in pH also increases the solubility of aspirin and thus the dissolution of the tablets and the presence of food delays absorption of aspirin.
*Half-Life↓, The elimination half-life of aspirin in plasma is about 20 min
Risk↓, Patients who received 100 mg daily of aspirin had reduced risks of colorectal cancer and gastric cancer and an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding [6].
*other↑, Low-dose of aspirin treatment significantly improves ovarian responsiveness, uterine and ovarian blood flow velocity, and pregnancy-rates in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization [19].
*AntiAg↑, antiplatelet effect of aspirin [13],

5411- ASA,    Mechanistic Insights into a Classic Wonder Drug—Aspirin
- Review, Var, NA
*COX2↓, The principal pharmacological effects of aspirin are known to arise from its covalent modification of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through acetylation of Ser530, but the detailed mechanism of its biochemical action and specificity remains to be elucidate
*COX1↓, The computational results confirmed that aspirin would be 10–100 times more potent against COX-1 than against COX-2,
*Inflam↓, esides its wide use in the treatment of inflammation, fever, and pain for over a century and its well-known benefit in the prevention/treatment of cardiovascular diseases,
*cardioP↑,
Risk↓, regular aspirin intake has recently been convincingly shown to reduce the overall risk of certain cancers. (1a-1e)

5410- ASA,    Low-Dose Aspirin and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study
- Study, CRC, NA
Risk↓, 2743 matched aspirin users and 2743 nonusers, aspirin use was associated with reduced CRC risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.42
Dose↝, A dose-response relationship was found for cumulative exposure, while optimal daily intensity was near 80 mg/d.
Risk↓, Long-term use of low-to-moderate-dose aspirin was associated with reduced risks of CRC and mortality in patients with IBD.

5400- ASA,    Beyond COX-1: the effects of aspirin on platelet biology and potential mechanisms of chemoprevention
- Review, Nor, NA
Risk↓, dramatically reduced incidence of cancer in individuals taking daily low-dose aspirin [1–7],
*Inflam↓, Aspirin, like the vast majority of NSAIDs, is thought to exert its anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX enzymes) that regulate the production of prostaglandins.
*COX1↓,
*AntiAg↑, spirin acts to blunt a variety of pro-inflammatory responses, including the canonical inflammatory response [9–11], production of a defensive mucosal lining [12], and platelet aggregation [13, 14].
*Half-Life↓, The half-life of aspirin in the bloodstream was previously shown to be 13–19 min with a non-enzymatic hydrolysis rate of 0.023 min−1 at 37 °C in individuals given a single oral administration of aspirin.
*BioAv↑, Approximately 70% of aspirin reaches the peripheral circulation intact with maximum serum concentrations observed at 25 min after administration.

5409- ASA,    Role of aspirin in cancer prevention
- Review, Var, NA
Imm↑, It was proved that aspirin showed advantages in immunomodulation, cell metabolism, gene repair, reduction of inflammatory reaction, anti-platelet activation and improvement of intestinal flora.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiAg↑, Clinicians have found that aspirin not only has anti-platelet aggregation, antipyretic, and analgesic effects, but also has a potential additional effect on the prevention and treatment of cancer.
*GutMicro↑,
eff↑, combination of aspirin and existing anti-tumor drugs also showed some synergistic effects.
TumMeta↓, The results showed that the aspirin group decreased the rate of distant metastasis, especially for colorectal cancer [3].
angioG↓, Studies have shown that aspirin can bind directly to the GLU150(Q9y251: Glu 225) region to inhibit heparanase activity and regulate related signalling pathways, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and tumour metastasis [4].
Risk↓, A study published in the JAMA Network Open suggested that frequent aspirin use (defined as daily or almost daily use for 6 months or longer) was associated with a 13 % lower risk of ovarian cancer, and this protective association was not affected by
Risk↓, 1982 to 2009, and it was found that compared with non-aspirin users, men who take aspirin regularly (more than three tablets per week) have a lower risk of fatal prostate cancer.

5404- ASA,    Low-Dose Aspirin and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: Evidence From a Nationwide Registry-Based Cohort in Norway
- Study, CRC, NA
Risk↓, Current use of aspirin vs never use was associated with lower CRC risk (hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval
other↝, However, some large cohorts found no association between aspirin use and CRC risk when aspirin was initiated after 70 years of age (9) and when aspirin was used for less than 10 years (10) or 20 years (11).
Dose↝, Use of 160 mg tablets was associated with a greater CRC risk reduction than the use of 75 mg tablets.
Risk↓, We found a 13% lower CRC risk associated with current low-dose aspirin use vs never use,
other↓, In 2020, a large meta-analysis of 15 cohort, 11 nested case-control, and 19 case-control studies reported a 27% reduced CRC risk in regular users of aspirin (7)
other↝, It was argued later that the limited follow-up time of participants without history of aspirin use before the trial enrollment could partly explain the negative results in the ASPREE trial (9,36).
KRAS↓, A mechanism supporting the hypothesis that aspirin has a protective effect against CRC risk is that aspirin blocks the mutated APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene, leading to the inhibition of the KRAS pathway and the adenomatous polyp formation (3
other↓, By assuming a protective effect of aspirin against CRC, we estimated that 1,073 cases with CRC were prevented by aspirin use, equating to 2.7% lower CRC incidence.
other↓, In conclusion, our study provided novel and strong evidence that low-dose aspirin use is associated with a lower CRC risk.

5405- ASA,    Exploring Aspirin’s Potential in Cancer Prevention: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Evidence
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓, emerging evidence suggests that aspirin may reduce the risk of certain cancers, particularly colorectal cancer (CRC).
COX1↓, Aspirin’s anticancer effects are primarily attributed to its cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibition, which decreases prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels and disrupts cancer-related signaling pathways.
PGE2↓,
Inflam↓, Aspirin is a versatile medication commonly used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antiplatelet agent [2,3].
*AntiAg↓,
PI3K↓, By irreversibly inhibiting COX-2, aspirin reduces PGE2 levels, thereby decreasing the activation of cancer-related signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B) and ERK and promoting apoptosis in cancer cells ​
Akt↓,
Risk↓, For pancreatic cancer, aspirin for at least five years significantly reduces the risk of death, though this protective effect becomes apparent only after a five-year lag period [39].

5407- ASA,    Low-dose aspirin reduces the risk of colorectal cancer recurrence in patients with resected PI3K-altered localised disease, according to the ALASCCA trial.
- Trial, CRC, NA
Dose↝, randomly assigned patients with prespecified PIK3CA hotspot mutations in exon 9 or 20 (group A) or other moderate-to-high impact variants in PIK3CA, PIK3R1, or PTEN (group B) to receive either aspirin 160 mg (157 in group A, 156 in group B) or placeb
Risk↓, 3-year cumulative incidence of recurrence in group A was 7·7% with aspirin versus 14·1% with placebo

5427- ASTX,    Astaxanthin and Cancer Chemoprevention
- Review, Var, NA
chemoP↑, evidence for anticarcinogenic behavior of selected carotenoids, with an emphasis on the chemopreventive activities of astaxanthin.
AntiCan↑, Human epidemiological studies have revealed a protective effect of vegetable and fruit consumption for cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lung, oral cavity and pharynx, bladder, endometrium, pancreas, colon and rectum, breast, cervix, ovary and prost
chemoPv↑, the chemopreventive effects of canthaxanthin
Risk↓, Salmon, the principal dietary source of astaxanthin, is an important component of the traditional diets of Eskimos and certain coastal tribes in North America; these groups have shown unusually low prevalence of cancer.
lipid-P↓, Dietary astaxanthin also reduced metastatic nodules and lipid peroxidation in the livers of rats treated with restraint stress.
Pain↓, The results revealed that astaxanthin significantly relieved pain and improved performance in patients with RA
BioAv↑, the results demonstrated an enhancement of astaxanthin bioavailability in humans when incorporated into lipid-based formulations.
Dose↝, relevant dietary dosages of astaxanthin (4-12 mg daily is typically recommended by supplement manufacturers),

5447- ATV,    The Mevalonate Pathway, a Metabolic Target in Cancer Therapy
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓, increasing amount of data, from preclinical and epidemiological studies, that support an inverse association between the use of statins, potent inhibitors of MVA biosynthetic pathway, and mortality rate in specific cancers
Dose↑, cancer treatment demands the use of relatively high doses of single statins for a prolonged period, thereby limiting this therapeutic strategy due to adverse effects.
ChemoSen↑, synergistic effects of tolerable doses of statins with conventional chemotherapy might enhance efficacy with lower doses of each drug and, probably, reduce adverse effects and resistance.
chemoP↑,
HMG-CoA↓, potential use of MVA pathway inhibitors to improve therapeutic window in cancer.
EMT↓, statins may suppress epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program together with the inhibition of cancer stem cell generation, maintenance, and expansion
CSCs↓,
HH↝, inhibitors of MVA pathway (e.g., statins) that modulate Hh pathway activity could represent potential drugs in Hh pathway-related cancers.
YAP/TEAD↝, MVA participates in the regulation of YAP-TAZ expression and transcriptional activity and reveal an original process through which statins have anticancer effects.

5449- ATV,    Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer
- NA, Var, NA
lipid-P↓, Statins exhibit “pleiotropic” properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects.
TumCG↓, preclinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types.
Apoptosis↑,
ChemoSen↑, statins show chemo-sensitizing effects by impairing Ras family GTPase signaling.
RAS↓,
HMG-CoA↓, Statins are potent, competitive inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR).
HMGCR↓,
LDL↓, Statins reduce blood plasma cholesterol levels by decreasing de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and by inducing changes in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expression [2].
toxicity↓, Due to the well-established safety profile of statins, such studies are less expensive than the development of novel drugs.
Risk↓, statin use in cancer patients was associated with reduced cancer-related mortality. The risk of cancer death was significantly lower in postmenopausal women
P21↑, Other proposed mechanisms leading to an increase of p21 levels include the release of promoter-associated histone deacetylase and inhibition of histone deacetylase
HDAC↓,
Bcl-2↓, Statins trigger the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and decrease Bcl-2 protein expression [[154], [155], [156]], increase Bax and BIM protein expression [[156], [157], [158], [159]], and activate several caspases
BAX↑,
BIM↑,
Casp↑,
cl‑PARP↑, thereby increasing cleaved PARP-1 levels.
MMP↓, different tumor cell lines (breast, brain, and lung) showed that simvastatin-induced apoptosis is dependent on decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
ROS↑,
angioG↓, Statins inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis
TumMeta↓,
PTEN↑, n breast cancer xenografts, simvastatin prevented tumor growth by reducing Akt phosphorylation and BclXL transcription, while simultaneously increasing the transcription of pro-apoptotic/anti-proliferative PTEN
eff↑, In mice, the administration of a combination of celecoxib and atorvastatin was more effective than each individual treatment, and effectively prevented prostate cancer progression from androgen dependent to androgen independent
OS↑, Long-term statin use may improve survival in GBM patients treated with temozolomide chemotherapy
Remission↑, statin use during or after chemotherapy is not associated with improved disease-free-, recurrence-free-, or overall survival in stage II colon cancer patients

5574- B-Gluc,    Beta Glucan: Health Benefits in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
- Review, Obesity, NA
*BioAv↑, β-glucan is a relatively inexpensive milling byproduct, and it is added to foods on the assumption that this will contribute to health benefits.
*toxicity↓, Moreover, no human adverse effects have been reported following the consumption of a diet rich in β-glucan from oat or barley flour or their extracts [70].
*Imm↑, Among polysaccharides that act as immunostimulants, β-glucans were found to be the most effective against infectious diseases and cancer [88].
*eff↑, The immunological potency of β-glucans varies with the molecular mass, solution conformation, backbone structure, degree of branching as well as the cell type that is targeted [89].
*Risk↓, pretreatment of high-risk surgical patients with intravenous yeast β-(1,3; 1,6)-D-glucan decreased the infection incidence, shortened intensive care unit length stay, and improved survival in comparison to a saline placebo injection
*Weight↓, In this particular study, chitin-glucan decreased high fat diet-induced body weight gain, fat mass development, fasting hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance,
*eff↝, A drink containing 5 g of oat β-glucan with a molecular weight 70 000 Da significantly lowered postprandial glucose and insulin levels relative to a rice drink control, while a similar drink containing barley β-glucan 40 000 Da had no effect
*BP↓, 8 g/day of supplemented soluble fiber from oat bran over 12 weeks significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in comparison to the control [197].
*GutMicro↑, Beta glucans selectively support the growth of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, both of them being antagonists to pathogenic bacteria in the digestive system [
*eff↓, freeze-thaw cycle reduced the solubility of β-glucan in oat bran muffins by 9% to 55% of the fresh values.

5565- betaCar,    β-Carotene, a Potent Amyloid Aggregation Inhibitor, Promotes Disordered Aβ Fibrillar Structure
- Study, AD, NA
*Risk↓, Studies have shown that AD patients have lower level of β-carotene and vitamin A in plasma. Moreover, higher levels of vitamin A are associated with better memory in elderly people [38]
*memory↑,
*Aβ↓, Potent Amyloid Aggregation Inhibitor

5559- betaCar,    Low blood carotenoid status in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, Given their potent antioxidation properties, carotenoids play a role in delaying and preventing dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
*cognitive↑,
*Risk↓, Our results indicated that blood carotenoid levels were significantly lower in patients with dementia than in controls, despite high heterogeneity across the studies.

5562- betaCar,    Association of Dietary α-Carotene and β-Carotene Intake with Low Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Study, AD, NA
*cognitive↑, Our results suggested that higher dietary α-carotene and β-carotene intake had inverse effects on cognitive function decline among older adults.
Risk↓, In the AFT, the participants in the low cognition group had lower dietary α-carotene intake than those in the normal cognition group.

3986- betaCar,  VitC,    Editorial: Impact of Diet on Learning, Memory and Cognition
- Review, AD, NA
*Risk↓, Carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin B6 were identified as the dietary nutrients with the highest protective capacity against MCI, potentially due to their antioxidant properties
*neuroP↑,

5628- Bif,  immuno,    Bifidobacterium modulation of tumor immunotherapy and its mechanism
- Review, Var, NA
Imm↑, his review will focus on the immunomodulatory effects of Bifidobacteria in malignancies and the possible mechanisms of action of Bifidobacteria on immunotherapy
Risk↓, Bifidobacteria have a role in the prevention of intestinal cancer in healthy intestinal microbiota by influencing intestinal probiotics metabolism and enhancing the host immune response;
GutMicro↑,
AntiTum↑, Bifidobacteria has been shown to positively induce an anti-tumor immune response [32].
OS↑, Bifidobacterium longum 420 significantly increased the survival of mice carrying renal cell carcinoma tumors treated with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies
selectivity↑, Bifidobacteria have been shown to selectively accumulate in tumors upon entry into the blood stream, possibly due to the hypoxic microenvironment’s
eff↑, (e.g., probiotic strains such as Bifidobacterium bifidum) to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy is still in its infancy,

3518- Bor,    Boron Report
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA
Risk↓, Boron reduces prostate cancer incidence by up to 64%
serineP↓, Boric acid acts to inhibit serine proteases—it decreases PSA by 87% and reduces tumor size in a prostate cancer mouse model
PSA↓,
TumVol↓,
IGF-1↓, expression of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor type 1) was markedly reduced by boron treatment. Circulating blood levels of IGF-1 were not reduced in the treated mice, however.
*Mag↑, In situations of adequate calcium supply but deficient magnesium resources, boron appears to substitute or “pinch hit” for magnesium during the process of bone formation.
*Calcium↑, The effect of boron on raising plasma calcium levels may, in part, be due to its enhancing effect on vitamin D.1
*VitD↑,
*COX2↓, boron has been shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX).
*5LO↓,
*PGE2↓, leads to a decrease in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
*NF-kB↓, suppressing nuclear factor kappa beta (NfkappaB)
*cognitive↑, Since it is now commonly accepted that the routine use of NSAIDs significantly reduces the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease,31,32 it is not surprising that papers have been published on boron’s positive effect on cognitive function.

3512- Bor,    Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake
- in-vitro, Pca, DU145
TumCP↓, Treatment of DU-145 prostate cancer cells with physiological concentrations of BA inhibits cell proliferation without causing apoptosis and activates eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α).
eIF2α↑, Phosphorylation of eIF2α occurs following BA treatment of DU-145 and LNCaP prostate cells
ATF4↑, post-treatment increases in eIF2α protein at 30 min and ATF4 and ATF6 proteins at 1 h and 30 min, respectively
ATF6↑,
GADD34↑, The increase in ATF4 was accompanied by an increase in the expression of its downstream genes growth arrest and DNA damage-induced protein 34 (GADD34) and homocysteine-induced ER protein (Herp),
CHOP↓, but a decrease in GADD153/CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), a pro-apoptotic gene.
GRP78/BiP↑, The increase in ATF6 was accompanied by an increase in expression of its downstream genes GRP78/BiP, calreticulin, Grp94, and EDEM.
GRP94↑,
Risk↓, Low boron status has been associated with increased cancer risk, low bone mineralization, and retinal degeneration
*BMD↑,
Ca+2↓, LNCaP and DU-145: BA binds to cADPR and inhibits cADPR-activated Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a dose-dependent manner [15, 16] and lowers ER luminal Ca2+ concentrations
*Half-Life↝, lood levels of BA are dynamic, rising rapidly after a meal with an elimination half-life from 4 to 27.8 h depending on dose
IRE1∅, BA does not activate IRE1
chemoP↑, Dietary boron has been connected to three seemingly unconnected observations, increased bone mass and strength [10, 74, 75], chemoprevention

696- Bor,    Nothing Boring About Boron
- Review, Var, NA
*hs-CRP↓, reduces levels of inflammatory biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and tumor necrosis factor μ (TNF-μ);
*TNF-α↓,
*SOD↑, raises levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase
*Catalase↑,
*GPx↑,
*cognitive↑, improves the brains electrical activity, cognitive performance, and short-term memory for elders; restricted boron intake adversely affected brain function and cognitive performance.
*memory↑, In humans, boron deprivation (<0.3 mg/d) resulted in poorer performance on tasks of motor speed and dexterity, attention, and short-term memory.
*Risk↓, Boron-rich diets and regions where the soil and water are rich in boron correlate with lower risks of several types of cancer, including prostate, breast, cervical, and lung cancers.
*SAM-e↑,
*NAD↝, Boron strongly binds oxidized NAD+,76 and, thus, might influence reactions in which NAD+ is involved
*ATP↝,
*Ca+2↝, Because of its positive charge, magnesium stabilizes cell membranes, balances the actions of calcium, and functions as a signal transducer
HDAC↓, some boronated compounds are histone deacetylase inhibitors
TumVol↓,
IGF-1↓, expression of IGF-1 in the tumors was significantly reduced by boron treatment
PSA↓, Boronic acid has been shown to inhibit PSA activity.
Cyc↓, boric acid inhibits the growth of prostate-cancer cells both by decreasing expression of A-E cyclin
TumCMig↓,
*serineP↓, Boron exists in the human body mostly in the form of boric acid, a serine protease inhibitor.
HIF-1↓, shown to greatly inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1
*ChemoSideEff↓, An in vitro study found that boric acid can help protect against genotoxicity and cytotoxicity that are induced in lymphocytes by paclitaxel
*VitD↑, greater production of 25-hydroxylase, and, thus, greater potential for vitamin-D activation
*Mag↑, Boron significantly improves magnesium absorption and deposition in bone
*eff↑, boron increases the biological half-life and bioavailability of E2 and vitamin D.
Risk↓, risk of prostate cancer was 52% lower in men whose diets supplied more than 1.8 mg/d of boron compared with those whose dietary boron intake was less than or equal to 0.9 mg/d.
*Inflam↓, As research into the chemistry of boron-containing compounds has increased, they have been shown to be potent antiosteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic agents
*neuroP↑, In addition, boron has anti-inflammatory effects that can help alleviate arthritis and improve brain function and has demonstrated such significant anticancer
*Calcium↑, increase serum levels of estradiol and calcium absorption in peri- and postmenopausal women.
*BMD↑, boron stimulates bone growth in vitamin-D deficient animals and alleviates dysfunctions in mineral metabolism characteristic of vitamin-D deficiency
*chemoP↑, may help ameliorate the adverse effects of traditional chemotherapeutic agents. boric acid can help protect against genotoxicity and cytotoxicity that are induced in lymphocytes by paclitaxel, an anticancer drug commonly used to treat breast, ovarian
AntiCan↑, demonstrated preventive and therapeutic effects in a number of cancers, such as prostate, cervical, and lung cancers, and multiple and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
*Dose↑, only an upper intake level (UL) of 20 mg/d for individuals aged ≥ 18 y.
*Dose↝, substantial number of articles showing benefits support the consideration of boron supplementation of 3 mg/d for any individual who is consuming a diet lacking in fruits and vegetables
*BMPs↑, Boron was also found to increase mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
*testos↑, 1 week of boron supplementation of 6 mg/d, a further study by Naghii et al20 of healthy males (n = 8) found (1) a significant increase in free testosterone,
angioG↓, Inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis prevents growth of many types of solid tumors and provides a novel approach for cancer treatment; thus, HIF-1 is a target of antineoplastic therapy.
Apoptosis↑, Cancer cells, however, commonly overexpress sugar transporters and/or underexpress borate export, rendering sugar-borate esters as promising chemopreventive agents
*selectivity↑, In normal cells, the 2 latter, cell-destructive effects do not occur because the amount of borate present in a healthy diet, 1 to 10 mg/d, is easily exported from normal cells.
*chemoPv↑, promising chemopreventive agents

701- Bor,    Dietary boron intake and prostate cancer risk
- Analysis, NA, NA
Risk↓, increased dietary boron intake was associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer with a dose-response pattern.

702- Bor,  GEN,  SeMet,  Rad,    Evaluation of ecological and in vitro effects of boron on prostate cancer risk (United States)
- Analysis, NA, NA
Risk↓, Increased groundwater boron concentrations, across the state of Texas, correlate with reduced risk of prostate cancer incidence and mortality.
TumCMig↓, boric acid improves the anti-proliferative effectiveness of chemo-preventative agents, selenomethionine and genistein, while enhancing ionizing radiation cell kill
Bcl-2↓,

754- Bor,  HRT,    Dietary Boron and Hormone Replacement Therapy as Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Women
- Analysis, NA, NA
Risk↓, Boron intake was inversely associated with lung cancer in women, whereas women who consumed low boron and did not use HRT were at substantial increased odds

747- Bor,    Growing Evidence for Human Health Benefits of Boron
- Review, NA, NA
TumCG↓, 1mmol/L
Risk↓, boron intake was inversely associated with the incidence of cancer

737- Bor,    Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Statu
- in-vitro, Pca, DU145
Risk↓, intake is associated with reduced risk of cancer and DNA damage and increased antioxidant status.
p‑eIF2α↑,
ATF4↑,
GADD34↑,

712- Bor,    Boron concentrations in selected foods from borate-producing regions in Turkey
- Analysis, NA, NA
Risk↓, in Turkey, it has been suggested that the low incidence of cervical cancer in Turkey correlates with its boron-rich soil

713- Bor,    Effects of dietary boron on cervical cytopathology and on micronucleus frequency in exfoliated buccal cells
- Analysis, NA, NA
Risk↓, suggested that higher amounts of boron in drinking water may help inhibit HPV transformation, reducing incidence of cervical cancer.

714- Bor,    Dietary Boron and Hormone Replacement Therapy as Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Women
- Analysis, NA, NA
Risk↓, Boron intake was inversely associated with lung cancer in women, whereas women who consumed low boron and did not use HRT were at substantial increased odds.

4620- Bor,  BTZ,    Boron Compounds in the Breast Cancer Cells Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy
- Review, Var, NA - Review, Arthritis, NA - Review, Pca, NA
Risk↓, A diet with low B has been found to lead to a number of general health problems and to increase cancer risk.
*memory↑, The most common symptoms of B deficiency include arthritis, memory loss, osteoporosis, degenerative and soft cartilage diseases, hormonal disequilibria and a drop in libido
*Dose↑, The B Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults of ~18 years is ~20 mg B per day
Risk↓, Dietary B is inversely correlated with the occurrence of prostate cancer . Diets rich in boron could significantly reduce some cancer types, especially breast, prostate, lung and cervical forms of cancer.
other↝, In Japan, breast cancer is a rare disease compared to the Western countries (Tominaga & Kuroishi, 1999). When Japanese women immigrated to the USA, they acquired the same risk for breast cancer as that in the general population of women in the USA
*testos↑, After one week, supplementation of healthy males with 10 mg B/day resulted in a significant rise in the plasma free testosterone concentration, which is an observation based on recent clinical data
other↝, preclinical studies have suggested that testosterone serves as a natural, endogenous protector of the breast.
Risk↓, vitamin D is important as a protective agent against the development of breast cancer
TumCP↓, Boric acid (BA) is one of the most studied B-containing chemicals. BA has been demonstrated to control the proliferation of some cancer cell types
Apoptosis↑, Bortezomib (PS-341) (Teicher et al., 1999) is a boronic acid derivative and a proteasome inhibitor, which is a novel target in cancer therapy. This compound disrupts cell cycle regulation and induces apoptosis.
eff↑, Bortezomib could have a significant anti-tumour activity when it is used in combination with other active conventional agents

4619- Bor,    Using Boron Supplementation in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Review Article
- Review, Var, NA
Dose↝, results showed that boron supplement is a useful and essential ingredient for humans with a daily intake of about 1-3 mg per day.
Risk↓, Its rich diets have a significant reduction in the risk of developing a variety of cancers including prostate, breast, cervix and lung, liver, melanoma.
*antiOx↓, boron has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
*Inflam↓,
ChemoSen↑, Boron-containing compounds indicate promising effects for chemotherapy types of cancer.
AntiCan↑, Compounds of boron, which have an anticancer effect, include boric acid, borate, borate esters, boranes, borinic esters (26). Boric acid is one of the most studied boron-containing chemicals.
*PCNA↓, Boron reduced PCNA and ameliorated oxidative stress in rats exposed to cancer
*ROS↓,
other↝, Physicians should be encouraged to more routinely discuss supplements use with their cancer patients and increase of clinical research on boron and cancer prevention seems necessary.

4625- Bor,    Boron and Inflammation
- Review, Arthritis, NA - Review, ostP, NA
*Risk↓, Arthritic bone is associated with almost a 20-fold decrease in boron content.
*eff↑, placebo-controlled supplementation trial conducted in Australia, in which a significantly favorable response to a supplement of 6 mg of boron per day (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) was seen in 20 subjects with OA
*SOD↑, Human studies of boron deprivation and repletion have shown that boron significantly increases erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
*NF-kB↓, There is evidence that Boron down-regulates inflammation through the NF-(kappa) B pathway
*Risk↓, In areas where boron intake is usually 3 to 10 mg/d, estimated incidence of arthritis ranges from 0% to 10%.
*CRP↓, a significant increase in concentrations of plasma boron occurred 6 hours after supplementation with 11.6 mg of boron, coupled with significant decreases in levels of hs-CRP and TNF-α.
*TNF-α↓,
*Wound Healing↑, Mechanisms implicated in the effects of boron on wound healing / fibroblast control by boron

5707- Brut,    Targeting Redox Homeostasis and Cell Survival Signaling with a Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Bergamot Juice in In Vitro and In Vivo Colorectal Cancer Models
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116
Risk↓, Evidence suggests that a polyphenol-rich diet may lower the risk of CRC.
TumCG↓, BJe inhibited the growth of several CRC cells, especially HCT-116.
Apoptosis↑, BJe induced apoptosis and blocked the cell cycle in the G1 phase, as well as modulated the gene expression of apoptosis- and cell cycle-related factors.
TumCCA↑,
ROS↑, BJe prompted reactive oxygen species production and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential.
MMP↓,
DNAdam↑, BJe induced DNA damage as confirmed by the raised levels of 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine and phosphorylation of histone H2A.X.
TumMeta↓, Moreover, BJe reduced the percentage of mice bearing both polyps and tumors, as well as their number.
TumCP↓, BJe Inhibited the Proliferation of Different Colorectal Cancer Cells

5705- Brut,    A flavonoid-rich extract from bergamot juice prevents carcinogenesis in a genetic model of colorectal cancer, the Pirc rat (F344/NTac-Apcam1137)
- in-vivo, CRC, NA
Risk↓, Rats treated with BJe showed a significant dose-related reduction in the colon preneoplastic lesions mucin-depleted foci (MDF). strategy to prevent CRC in high-risk patients.
TumMeta↓, Colon and small intestinal tumours were also significantly reduced in rats supplemented with 70 mg/kg of BJe.
Apoptosis↑, Moreover, in colon tumours from rats fed with 70 mg/kg BJe, apoptosis was significantly higher than in controls.
COX2↓, significant down-regulation of inflammation-related genes (COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 and Arginase 1).
iNOS↓,
IL1β↓,
IL6↓,
IL10↓,
P53↑, Up-regulation of p53 and down-regulation of survivin and p21 genes was also observed.
P21↓,
survivin↓,
chemoPv↑, These data indicate a strong chemopreventive activity of BJe that, at least in part, is due to its pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions.
*Inflam↓,

5738- Buty,    Butyrate’s role in human health and the current progress towards its clinical application to treat gastrointestinal disease
- Review, Nor, NA
*GutMicro↑, Maintaining optimal butyrate levels improves gastrointestinal health in animal models by supporting colonocyte function, decreasing inflammation, maintaining the gut barrier, and promoting a healthy microbiome.
*Risk↓, Butyrate has also shown protective actions in the context of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract, and colon cancer,

5731- Buty,    The Warburg Effect Dictates the Mechanism of Butyrate Mediated Histone Acetylation and Cell Proliferation
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116 - in-vitro, CRC, HT29
HDAC↓, butyrate accumulated and functioned as an HDAC inhibitor.
Warburg↓, Consequently, butyrate stimulated the proliferation of normal colonocytes and cancerous colonocytes when the Warburg effect was prevented from occurring, whereas it inhibited the proliferation of cancerous colonocytes undergoing the Warburg effect.
TumCP⇅, Butyrate Increases or Decreases Cell Proliferation Depending on the Warburg Effect
HATs↑, Butyrate Induces Histone Acetylation by Stimulating HATs as well as Inhibiting HDACs
BioAv↓, However, the efficacy of butyrate as a chemotherapeutic agent has been limited by its rapid uptake and metabolism by normal cells [resulting in a half-life of 6 minutes and peak blood levels below 0.05 mM (Miller et al., 1987)] before reaching tumors
other↝, A fiber-rich diet might be more successful for chemoprevention because it delivers mM levels of butyrate (via the microbiota) to the correct place (the colon) before the onset of tumorigenesis or at an early stage.
Risk↓, Evidence for this idea comes from recent human studies demonstrating lower levels of butyrate-producing bacteria among the gut microbiota of colorectal cancer patients compared to healthy participants

5778- Calc,  VitD3,    Colorectal cancer risk and dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products: a meta-analysis of 26,335 cases from 60 observational studies
- Study, CRC, NA
Risk↓, Milk intake was unrelated to rectal cancer risk. High calcium intake had a greater protective effect against tumors of the distal colon and rectal cancer vs. proximal colon
eff↝, The risk reduction associated with calcium was similar for dietary and supplemental sources.
Risk↓, Vitamin D was associated with a nonsignificant 6% reduction in CRC risk.

5777- Calc,    Calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies
- Study, CRC, NA
Risk↓, For total calcium intake, each 300 mg/day increase was associated with an approximately 8% reduced risk of CRC

5775- Calc,    Calcium Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
- Study, CRC, NA
Risk↓, higher calcium intake was consistently associated with reduced CRC risk across tumor sites and sources of calcium.
Dose↓, Mean (SD) total calcium intake was 401 mg/d (104 mg/d) for females and 407 mg/d (95 mg/d) for males in the lowest quintile (Q1)
eff↝, While our study found an inverse association of total and supplemental calcium intake with rectal cancer risk, we did not observe a statistically significant association with dietary calcium intake.


Showing Research Papers: 1 to 50 of 189
Page 1 of 4 Next

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 189

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

lipid-P↓, 2,   ROS↑, 2,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

MMP↓, 2,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

HMG-CoA↓, 2,   LDL↓, 1,   Warburg↓, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 5,   BAX↑, 1,   Bcl-2↓, 2,   BIM↑, 1,   Casp↑, 1,   GADD34↑, 2,   iNOS↓, 1,   survivin↓, 1,   YAP/TEAD↝, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

HATs↑, 1,   other↓, 4,   other↑, 1,   other↝, 7,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

ATF6↑, 1,   CHOP↓, 1,   eIF2α↑, 1,   p‑eIF2α↑, 1,   GRP78/BiP↑, 1,   GRP94↑, 1,   IRE1∅, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

DNAdam↑, 1,   DNArepair↑, 1,   P53↑, 1,   cl‑PARP↑, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

Cyc↓, 1,   P21↓, 1,   P21↑, 1,   TumCCA↑, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

CSCs↓, 1,   EMT↓, 1,   HDAC↓, 3,   HH↝, 1,   HMGCR↓, 1,   IGF-1↓, 2,   PI3K↓, 1,   PTEN↑, 1,   RAS↓, 1,   TumCG↓, 4,  

Migration ⓘ

Ca+2↓, 1,   KRAS↓, 1,   serineP↓, 1,   TumCMig↓, 2,   TumCP↓, 4,   TumCP⇅, 1,   TumMeta↓, 4,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

angioG↓, 3,   ATF4↑, 2,   HIF-1↓, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX1↓, 1,   COX2↓, 1,   IL10↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 1,   IL6↓, 1,   Imm↑, 2,   Inflam↓, 1,   NF-kB⇅, 1,   PGE2↓, 1,   PSA↓, 2,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 1,   BioAv↑, 1,   ChemoSen↑, 5,   Dose↓, 1,   Dose↑, 2,   Dose↝, 5,   eff↓, 1,   eff↑, 4,   eff↝, 2,   selectivity↑, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

GutMicro↑, 1,   IL6↓, 1,   KRAS↓, 1,   PSA↓, 2,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 3,   AntiTum↑, 1,   chemoP↑, 4,   chemoPv↑, 2,   ChemoSideEff↓, 1,   OS↑, 3,   Pain↓, 1,   Remission↑, 1,   Risk↓, 47,   toxicity↓, 1,   TumVol↓, 3,  
Total Targets: 90

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↓, 2,   antiOx↑, 2,   Catalase↑, 1,   GPx↑, 2,   GSH↑, 1,   HDL↑, 1,   MDA↓, 2,   ROS↓, 2,   SAM-e↑, 1,   SOD↑, 3,   VitC↑, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

ATP↝, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

adiP↓, 1,   LDL↓, 1,   NAD↝, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Apoptosis↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

other↑, 4,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

PCNA↓, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

5LO↓, 1,   AntiAg↓, 1,   AntiAg↑, 3,   Ca+2↝, 1,   serineP↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

NO↓, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX1↓, 4,   COX2↓, 3,   CRP↓, 2,   IL1β↓, 1,   Imm↑, 1,   Inflam↓, 8,   NF-kB↓, 2,   PGE2↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 2,   VitD↑, 2,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

5HT↓, 1,   BDNF↑, 1,  

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

Aβ↓, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors ⓘ

testos↑, 2,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↑, 3,   BioAv↝, 1,   Dose↑, 2,   Dose↝, 1,   eff↓, 4,   eff↑, 3,   eff↝, 2,   Half-Life↓, 2,   Half-Life↑, 1,   Half-Life↝, 1,   selectivity↑, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

BMD↑, 2,   BMPs↑, 1,   BP↓, 1,   Calcium↑, 2,   CRP↓, 2,   GutMicro↑, 4,   hs-CRP↓, 1,   Mag↑, 2,   VitD↑, 2,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

BOLD↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 3,   chemoP↑, 1,   chemoPv↑, 1,   ChemoSideEff↓, 1,   cognitive↑, 6,   memory↑, 4,   Mood↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 4,   Risk↓, 14,   toxicity↓, 2,   Weight↓, 1,   Wound Healing↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 71

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Risk, Risk
20 Selenium
14 Boron
12 Selenite (Sodium)
10 Aspirin -acetylsalicylic acid
9 Lycopene
8 Vitamin D3
7 Magnesium
6 Vitamin K2
6 Exercise
6 Folic Acid, Vit B9
5 Allicin (mainly Garlic)
5 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
5 Calcium
5 diet Plant based
5 Vitamin B6,pyridoxine
5 Phenethyl isothiocyanate
5 Selenium NanoParticles
4 Chemotherapy
4 beta-carotene(VitA)
4 Coenzyme Q10
4 Vitamin B12
3 Radiotherapy/Radiation
3 Capsaicin
3 Celecoxib
3 Chlorogenic acid
3 Chocolate
3 Choline
3 diet FMD Fasting Mimicking Diet
3 diet Short Term Fasting
3 Metformin
3 Urolithin
3 Vitamin B5,Pantothenic Acid
2 5-Hydroxytryptophan
2 Anti-oxidants
2 Atorvastatin
2 Bruteridin(bergamot juice)
2 Butyrate
2 Vitamin E
2 Potassium
2 Lutein
2 Zeaxanthin
2 Melatonin
2 Sulforaphane (mainly Broccoli)
2 chitosan
2 Silicic Acid
2 Taurine
2 Vitamin B1/Thiamine
1 Anthocyanins
1 alpha Linolenic acid
1 Astaxanthin
1 beta-glucans
1 Bifidobacterium
1 immunotherapy
1 Genistein (soy isoflavone)
1 selenomethionine
1 Hormone replacement therapy
1 Bortezomib
1 Carvacrol
1 Fisetin
1 iodine
1 Lecithin
1 Oleuropein
1 Quercetin
1 Spermidine
1 Whole Body Vibration
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

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