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| An ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. Propyl gallate (PG), chemically known as propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, is widely present in processed food and cosmetics, hair products, and lubricants. PG alone demonstrated antioxidative and cytoprotective properties against cellular damage and gained a pro-oxidative property in combination with copper (II). It was reported that PG was one of the most active compounds capable of generating H2O2 in DMEM media Main cancer-relevant pathways modulated by propyl gallate A. Redox imbalance & oxidative stress (dominant) -↑ Intracellular ROS (context- and dose-dependent) -Pro-oxidant in cancer cells with high basal ROS -Mitochondrial superoxide accumulation -Thiol depletion (↓ GSH, ↓ Trx buffering capacity) Importance: ★★★★★ (Primary mechanism) B. Mitochondrial dysfunction & intrinsic apoptosis -↑ MOMP → caspase cascade -Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) -Cytochrome-c release -Caspase-9 → caspase-3 activation -↑ Bax / ↓ Bcl-2 ratio Importance: ★★★★☆ C. ER stress & unfolded protein response (UPR) -↑ PERK–eIF2α–ATF4–CHOP -ROS-linked protein misfolding -Pro-apoptotic UPR signaling dominates over adaptive UPR Importance: ★★★☆☆ D. Cell cycle disruption -G1 or G2/M arrest (cell-type dependent) -↓ Cyclin D1, Cyclin B1 -↑ p21, p27 Importance: ★★☆☆☆ E. MAPK stress signaling -↑ JNK / p38 -Stress-activated apoptosis signaling -Often precedes mitochondrial failure Importance: ★★☆☆☆ F. Inflammation & survival pathways (secondary) -↓ NF-κB, ↓ STAT3 (indirect) -Suppression is largely ROS-mediated, not direct inhibition -Reduced anti-apoptotic gene transcription Importance: ★★☆☆☆ G. NRF2–ARE signaling (dual role) -Low dose: NRF2 activation → cytoprotection -High dose / cancer cells: NRF2 overwhelmed → apoptosis Importance: ★★☆☆☆ (Highly context dependent; double-edged)
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| Source: TCGA |
| Type: Proapototic |
| TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. TP53 is a gene that encodes for the p53 tumor suppressor protein ; TP73 (Chr.1p36.33) and TP63 (Chr.3q28) genes that encode transcription factors p73 and p63, respectively, are TP53 homologous structures. p53 is a crucial tumor suppressor protein that plays a significant role in regulating the cell cycle, maintaining genomic stability, and preventing tumor formation. It is often referred to as the "guardian of the genome" due to its role in protecting cells from DNA damage and stress. TP53 gene, which encodes the p53 protein, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers. Overexpression of MDM2, an inhibitor of p53, can lead to decreased p53 activity even in the presence of wild-type p53. In some cancers, particularly those with mutant p53, there may be an overexpression of the p53 protein. Cancers with overexpression: Breast, lung, colorectal, overian, head and neck, Esophageal, bladder, pancreatic, and liver. |
| 5217- | PG, | Role of redox signaling regulation in propyl gallate-induced apoptosis of human leukemia cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | THP1 | - | in-vitro, | AML, | Jurkat | - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:138 Target#:236 State#:% Dir#:2
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