| Features: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carvone — Carvone is a chiral oxygenated monocyclic monoterpene ketone found mainly as enantiomeric forms in spearmint, caraway, dill, and related essential oils. It is best classified as a small-molecule natural product / volatile terpenoid flavor-fragrance compound, commonly abbreviated CRV. The biologically relevant forms are often reported as l-carvone, d-carvone, R-carvone, or S-carvone, but naming conventions are inconsistent across papers, so note the exact enantiomer stated by each source. Primary mechanisms (ranked):
Bioavailability / PK relevance: Carvone is lipophilic and volatile, with oral, dermal, and inhalational exposure relevance depending on formulation. Human PK/metabolism data exist for ingestion-correlated and topical/percutaneous exposure contexts, but anticancer studies generally use concentrations that are not directly matched to validated systemic anticancer exposure. Essential-oil delivery introduces variability from enantiomer ratio, co-terpenes, oxidation products, and formulation. In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Common anticancer in-vitro effects occur at high micromolar to millimolar or microgram-per-millilitre ranges, and breast-cancer IC50 values around the millimolar range have been reported. These levels are likely above ordinary dietary flavor exposure and may exceed practical systemic exposure from food-like intake. Interpretation should therefore be concentration-constrained and formulation-dependent. Clinical evidence status: Preclinical for cancer. Evidence includes cancer cell-line studies, animal chemoprevention/tumor models, and mechanistic studies, but no credible cancer RCTs of carvone as a therapeutic agent were identified. Human studies involving carvone-containing preparations exist for non-cancer indications or mixtures, but they should not be treated as direct anticancer evidence for isolated carvone. Safety / regulatory status: Carvone is listed as a FEMA GRAS flavoring substance with CFR flavor-use reference, but this applies to intended flavor-use exposure, not therapeutic dosing. Major constraints include skin sensitization potential, enantiomer/formulation variability, volatile exposure, and uncertain safety at high supplemental or pharmacologic doses. Fragrance safety assessment data indicate no genotoxic concern under reviewed conditions, but l-carvone is considered a skin sensitizer. Carvone Mechanistic Profile
P: 0–30 min R: 30 min–3 hr G: >3 hr |
| Source: |
| Type: |
| Glutathione (GSH) is a thiol antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in the formation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Decreased amounts of GSH and a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio in tissues are biomarkers of oxidative stress. Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant found in every cell of the body, composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glutamine, and glycine. It plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress, detoxifying harmful substances, and supporting the immune system. cancer cells can have elevated levels of glutathione, which may help them survive in the oxidative environment created by the immune response and chemotherapy. This can make cancer cells more resistant to treatment. While glutathione can be obtained from certain foods (like fruits, vegetables, and meats), its absorption from supplements is debated. Some people take N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or other precursors to boost glutathione levels, but the effects on cancer prevention or treatment are still being studied. Depleting glutathione (GSH) to raise reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a strategy that has been explored in cancer research and therapy. Many cancer cells have altered redox states and may rely on GSH to survive. Increasing ROS levels can induce stress in these cells, potentially leading to cell death. Certain drugs and compounds can deplete GSH levels. For example, agents like buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) inhibit the synthesis of GSH, leading to its depletion. Cancer cells tend to exhibit higher levels of intracellular GSH, possibly as an adaptive response to a higher metabolism and thus higher steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). "...intracellular glutathione (GSH) exhibits an astounding antioxidant activity in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS)..." "Cancer cells have a high level of GSH compared to normal cells." "...cancer cells are affluent with high antioxidant levels, especially with GSH, whose appearance at an elevated concentration of ∼10 mM (10 times less in normal cells) detoxifies the cancer cells." "Therefore, GSH depletion can be assumed to be the key strategy to amplify the oxidative stress in cancer cells, enhancing the destruction of cancer cells by fruitful cancer therapy." The loss of GSH is broadly known to be directly related to the apoptosis progression. |
| 6520- | CRV, | Health Benefits and Pharmacological Properties of Carvone |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 6521- | CRV, | L-carvone induces p53, caspase 3 mediated apoptosis and inhibits the migration of breast cancer cell lines |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 |
| 6527- | CRV, | Preventive effect of D-carvone during DMBA induced mouse skin tumorigenesis by modulating xenobiotic metabolism and induction of apoptotic events |
| - | in-vivo, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 6529- | CRV, | D-Carvone Attenuates CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and TGF-ß 1/SMAD3 Signaling Pathway |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 6531- | CRV, | D-carvone attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury via TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in rats |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:411 Target#:137 State#:% Dir#:2
wNotes=0 sortOrder:rid,rpid