| Features: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copper Metal Copper levels are considerably elevated in various malignancies. Copper [Cu(II)] is a transition and trace element in living organisms. It increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free-radical generation that might damage biomolecules like DNA, proteins, and lipids. Copper (dietary/physiology) ≠ copper-loading therapeutics ≠ copper nanoparticles. For Cu nanoparticles, the dominant and most reproducible theme is toxicity via ROS → mitochondrial damage/genotoxicity, not clean tumor selectivity. - Copper acts as a critical cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in redox reactions, energy production, and connective tissue formation. - Increased copper levels in the tumor microenvironment can enhance angiogenic signaling and thus supply the tumor with necessary oxygen and nutrients, facilitating tumor growth and metastasis. - Copper can participate in redox cycling reactions, similar to the Fenton reaction, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). - Cancer cells often exhibit altered copper homeostasis, with some studies showing elevated copper levels in tumor tissues relative to normal tissues. Two main approaches are: - Copper Chelation: Drugs that bind copper (chelators) can reduce the bioavailability of copper, potentially inhibiting angiogenesis and other copper-dependent tumor processes. - Copper Ionophores: These agents facilitate the transport of copper into cancer cells to induce cytotoxicity by elevating intracellular copper levels beyond a tolerable threshold, leading to cell death. - Depletion of glutathione and stimulation of lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase. - Studies have shown that the level of copper in tumour cells and blood serum from cancer patients is elevated, and the conclusion is that cancer cells need more copper than healthy cells. (but also sometimes depleted). - Copper is a double-edged sword, maintaining normal cell development and promoting tumor development. - Tumor tissue has a higher demand for copper and is more susceptible to copper homeostasis, copper may modulate cancer cell survival through reactive oxygen species (ROS) excessive accumulation, proteasome inhibition and anti-angiogenesis. Natural Product: Cu, Copper (ion biology)
Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G
Copper Nanoparticles: CuNP / CuO-NP (tox + “anticancer” claims are mostly preclinical)
Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G
|
| Source: |
| Type: |
| JNK acts synergistically with NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and other signaling molecules to exert a survival function. Janus signaling promotes cancer cell survival. JNK, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase, is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). JNK is activated in response to various stress signals, such as UV radiation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines. JNK activation can promote apoptosis in cancer cells, acting as a tumor suppressor. However, in other contexts, it can promote cell survival and proliferation, contributing to tumor progression. JNK is often unregulated in cancers, leading to increased cancer cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to apoptosis. This activation is typically associated with poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior. |
| 1571- | Cu, | Copper in cancer: From pathogenesis to therapy |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| - | vitro+vivo, | lymphoma, | NA |
| 5006- | DSF, | Cu, | Disulfiram targeting lymphoid malignant cell lines via ROS-JNK activation as well as Nrf2 and NF-kB pathway inhibition |
| - | vitro+vivo, | lymphoma, | NA |
| 4916- | DSF, | Cu, | The immunomodulatory function and antitumor effect of disulfiram: paving the way for novel cancer therapeutics |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:64 Target#:168 State#:% Dir#:2
wNotes=0 sortOrder:rid,rpid