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| HCA is a naturally occurring compound primarily known for its potential effects on appetite and lipid metabolism via inhibition of ATP citrate lyase. Derivative of citric acid that is found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus sabdariffa Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a plant‐derived hydroxycinnamic acid derivative best known for inhibiting ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), a key enzyme that generates cytosolic acetyl-CoA from citrate for lipid and cholesterol synthesis. By reducing ACLY activity and downstream lipogenesis, HCA shifts cellular metabolism and can activate energy-sensing pathways (such as AMPK) in some models. Evidence for direct anticancer cytotoxicity is modest and often linked to metabolic stress rather than primary cytotoxic mechanisms. Oral exposure is influenced by rapid metabolism and conjugation, with systemic bioavailability often limited compared to levels used in many in vitro studies. • Hydroxy-Citric Acid (HCA) is a compound extracted from Garcinia cambogia, primarily recognized for its potential effects on lipid metabolism and appetite suppression. • It has been proposed to inhibit the enzyme ATP citrate lyase, which is involved in converting citrate into acetyl-CoA—a key step in fatty acid synthesis. • By modulating lipid synthesis pathways, HCA has been studied in the context of obesity and metabolic disorders, with some exploratory research considering its implications in cancer metabolism. • Inhibition of ATP Citrate Lyase (ACLY)****** ACLY converts citrate into acetyl-CoA, a building block for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. Many cancer cells upregulate lipid synthesis to support membrane production and energy storage; hence, inhibiting ACLY presents a potential strategy to disrupt cancer cell metabolism. • Impact on Lipogenesis Reduced acetyl-CoA production can impair de novo lipogenesis, potentially limiting the proliferation of rapidly dividing cells that have high lipid demands. • Interactions with Other Metabolic Pathways (modulation of citrate levels may affect the TCA cycle) -Dosages used in weight loss studies typically ranging from 500 mg to 1500 mg per day Human cyclists: 3.1 mL/kg body wt of an HCA solution (19 g/L) --> 248mg "Studies have shown that humans can safely ingest 13.5 g of hydroxycitrate per day with plasma levels of 82 mg/L (0.39 mM) achieved". Appetite suppression and weight loss effects are mixed. Typically, HCA used in dietary weight loss supplement is bound to calcium, which results in a poorly soluble (<50%) and less bioavailable form. Conversely, the structural characteristics of a novel Ca2+/K+ bound (-)-HCA salt (HCA-SX or Super CitriMax) make it completely water soluble as well as bioavailable. -HydroxyCitrate (HCA) typically used in a dose of about 1.5g/day or more for cancer (inhibition of the Melavonate Pathway?)
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| ATFs respond to extracellular signals, indicating their important roles in maintaining homeostasis. The ATF family includes ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, and ATF7. Consistent with the diversity of cellular processes reported to be regulated by ATFs, the functions of ATFs are also diverse. ATFs play an important role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and inflammation-related pathological processes. ATF (Activating Transcription Factor) proteins are a family of transcription factors that play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including stress responses, metabolism, and cell differentiation. In the context of cancer, several ATF family members have been implicated in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and prognosis. Here are some key points regarding ATFs and their expression in cancers with prognostic implications. ATF3: Often associated with stress responses, ATF3 can have dual roles in cancer. In some contexts, it acts as a tumor suppressor, while in others, it may promote tumor growth. High expression of ATF3 has been linked to poor prognosis in certain cancers, such as breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. ATF4: ATF4 is involved in the integrated stress response and can promote cell survival under stress conditions. Its expression is often elevated in various cancers, including glioblastoma and multiple myeloma, and has been associated with poor prognosis due to its role in promoting survival and resistance to therapy. ATF6: ATF6 is part of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and is involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Its expression has been linked to cancer cell survival and may correlate with poor outcomes in certain malignancies. ATF1: ATF1 is involved in regulating genes associated with cell proliferation and survival. Its expression levels can vary in different cancers, and its prognostic significance is still being explored. ATF2: ATF2 has been implicated in both promoting and inhibiting cancer progression, depending on the context. Elevated levels of ATF2 have been associated with poor prognosis in some cancers, such as melanoma. |
| 292- | HCA, | Hydroxycitric Acid Inhibits Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Growth through Activation of AMPK and mTOR Pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | K562 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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