AntiBio Cancer Research Results

AntiBio, Antibiotic/Antimicrobial activity: Click to Expand ⟱
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Antibiotic / antimicrobial activity: The ability of a substance to suppress or kill microorganisms, especially bacteria, by disrupting microbial survival, growth, biofilm formation, cell-wall integrity, membrane function, protein synthesis, nucleic-acid synthesis, quorum sensing, or virulence.

Natural Products that might have antimicrobial properties

Natural supplement or product Principal constituents Potential antimicrobial activity Evidence assessment Reference
Garlic
Allium sativum		 Allicin, ajoene and diallyl sulfides Antibacterial and antifungal activity, with some antiviral and antiparasitic effects reported in laboratory studies. Extensive laboratory evidence, but insufficient clinical evidence to use garlic as a treatment for established infections. Tesfaye A. Revealing the therapeutic uses of garlic and its potential for drug discovery. Scientific review.
Berberine Berberine isoquinoline alkaloid May damage bacterial membranes, inhibit efflux pumps, interfere with nucleic-acid and protein synthesis, and inhibit biofilm formation. Strong preclinical evidence and limited indication-specific clinical evidence. Poor oral bioavailability and drug interactions limit its use as a general antimicrobial. Berberine as a therapeutic alkaloid against ESKAPE and multidrug-resistant bacteria: a comprehensive review.
Cranberry extract
Vaccinium macrocarpon		 A-type proanthocyanidins Primarily reduces adhesion of uropathogenic bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, to urinary epithelial cells. May reduce recurrent urinary tract infections in selected populations. It is preventive rather than a reliable treatment for an active UTI. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Cranberry—Usefulness and Safety.
Probiotics
Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces boulardii 		Live microorganisms; effects are strain-specific Competitive exclusion of pathogens, production of bacteriocins, inhibition of pathogen adhesion and restoration of microbiome function. Some human evidence for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and selected gastrointestinal or vaginal indications. Results cannot be generalized from one strain to another. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: Probiotics—Health Professional Fact Sheet.
Medical-grade honey / Manuka honey Methylglyoxal, hydrogen peroxide, defensin-1, organic acids and high osmolarity Broad topical antibacterial and antibiofilm activity; also supports autolytic debridement and wound healing. Clinically relevant primarily as a standardized, medical-grade topical wound product. Ordinary food honey is not equivalent. Jull AB et al. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane systematic review.
Oregano oil
Origanum vulgare		 Carvacrol and thymol Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity, largely through disruption of microbial membranes. Strong laboratory activity, but inadequate human evidence for oral treatment of infections. Concentrated oil can cause irritation. Chemical composition, biological activity and potential uses of oregano and oregano essential oil: a review.
Thyme
Thymus vulgaris		 Thymol and carvacrol Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity through membrane damage and altered microbial permeability. Better established as a constituent of topical antiseptic and oral-care formulations than as an oral treatment for systemic infection. PubMed literature: thyme, thymol and antimicrobial activity.
Tea tree oil
Melaleuca alternifolia		 Terpinen-4-ol and related monoterpenes Topical antibacterial and antifungal activity with some antiviral laboratory activity. Some clinical evidence for topical acne and fungal skin conditions. Tea tree oil is toxic when swallowed and may cause contact dermatitis. Carson CF et al. Melaleuca alternifolia oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.
Echinacea
Echinacea species		 Alkamides, caffeic-acid derivatives, polysaccharides and glycoproteins Primarily immunomodulatory; relatively weak and inconsistent direct antimicrobial activity. Evidence for preventing or shortening respiratory infections is inconsistent and preparation-dependent. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Echinacea—Usefulness and Safety.
Elderberry
Sambucus nigra		 Anthocyanins, flavonols and phenolic acids Antiviral effects have been reported in cell-culture and preclinical studies, including interference with viral entry or replication. Small human trials have examined respiratory symptoms, but evidence remains insufficient to establish treatment of influenza or other viral infections. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Elderberry.
Curcumin / turmeric
Curcuma longa		 Curcumin and related curcuminoids Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antibiofilm activity through multiple membrane, enzyme and signalling effects. Predominantly laboratory evidence. Poor aqueous solubility and low systemic bioavailability are major clinical limitations. Moghadamtousi SZ et al. A review on antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity of curcumin.
Ginger
Zingiber officinale		 Gingerols, shogaols and zingerone Antibacterial and antifungal activity, including possible inhibition of microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. Primarily laboratory evidence; there is little direct clinical evidence that ginger supplements treat infections. PubMed literature: ginger, gingerols and antimicrobial activity.
Clove
Syzygium aromaticum		 Eugenol and eugenyl acetate Antibacterial, antifungal and local antiseptic activity, principally through membrane and protein disruption. Relevant mainly to topical, food-preservation and dental applications. Evidence for systemic infection treatment is insufficient. PubMed literature: clove, eugenol and antimicrobial activity.
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum species		 Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and cinnamic acid derivatives Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity; may alter microbial membranes and quorum-sensing pathways. Predominantly laboratory evidence. Cassia cinnamon can contribute substantial coumarin exposure when consumed in concentrated amounts. PubMed literature: cinnamon, cinnamaldehyde and antimicrobial activity.
Neem
Azadirachta indica		 Nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, azadirachtin and other limonoids Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antibiofilm effects have been reported. Some topical and dental research exists, but systemic clinical evidence is inadequate. Oral neem preparations have important safety concerns. PubMed literature: Azadirachta indica and antimicrobial activity.
Black seed
Nigella sativa		 Thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone and related volatile compounds Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and possible antiviral activity. Considerable laboratory research but limited, heterogeneous clinical evidence for infectious diseases. PubMed literature: Nigella sativa, thymoquinone and antimicrobial activity.
Green tea extract
Camellia sinensis		 Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and other catechins Antibacterial, antiviral and antibiofilm activity; may damage membranes, inhibit microbial enzymes and enhance some antibiotics. Some localized oral-health evidence, but limited evidence for treating systemic infections. Concentrated extracts may cause liver injury in susceptible individuals. PubMed literature: EGCG, green tea and antimicrobial activity.
Licorice root
Glycyrrhiza species		 Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin and other flavonoids Antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal effects have been reported in laboratory and preclinical studies. Limited clinical antimicrobial evidence. Glycyrrhizin can cause hypertension, hypokalemia, fluid retention and clinically important drug interactions. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Licorice Root.
Andrographis
Andrographis paniculata		 Andrographolide and related diterpenoid lactones Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and possible antiviral or antibacterial activity. Some evidence for modest symptom reduction in uncomplicated respiratory infections, but this does not establish direct pathogen eradication. PubMed literature: Andrographis and respiratory infections.
Pelargonium sidoides Proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids and oxygenated coumarin derivatives Possible antiviral, antibacterial anti-adhesive and immunomodulatory activity. Some human evidence for modest symptom improvement in acute bronchitis and selected respiratory infections. It is not a substitute for antibiotics when bacterial treatment is indicated. Timmer A et al. Pelargonium sidoides extract for acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane systematic review.
Monolaurin
Glycerol monolaurate		 Monolaurin, a monoester derived from lauric acid May disrupt lipid membranes and interfere with signalling or virulence in certain bacteria and enveloped viruses. Predominantly laboratory and animal evidence. There is insufficient clinical evidence to recommend oral monolaurin for infections. PubMed literature: glycerol monolaurate and antimicrobial activity.
Caprylic acid Octanoic acid, an eight-carbon medium-chain fatty acid Antifungal and membrane-disrupting activity, particularly against Candida species, has been reported in vitro. Insufficient human evidence for treating candidiasis or systemic fungal infection. Marketing claims commonly exceed the evidence. PubMed literature: caprylic acid and Candida.
Olive leaf extract
Olea europaea		 Oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and elenolic-acid derivatives Antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity has been observed in laboratory studies. Preliminary evidence only; clinical trials have not established it as a treatment for infectious disease. PubMed literature: olive leaf, oleuropein and antimicrobial activity.
Goldenseal
Hydrastis canadensis		 Hydrastine, canadine and berberine Extracts and individual alkaloids show antibacterial activity in laboratory studies. There is no good clinical evidence that goldenseal treats human infections. Product composition, absorption and drug interactions are important limitations. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Goldenseal.
Sweet wormwood / artemisinin
Artemisia annua 		Artemisinin and related sesquiterpene lactones Artemisinin derivatives are potent antimalarial agents. Additional antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasitic effects are being studied. Artemisinin-based combination therapies are established medicines, not ordinary supplements. Herbal preparations should not replace standardized malaria treatment because dose variability can promote treatment failure and resistance. World Health Organization: Guidelines for malaria.

Evidence interpretation

  • Clinical evidence: Effects have been studied in human participants, but usually for a specific preparation, route, dose and indication.
  • Preclinical evidence: Activity has mainly been demonstrated in cell culture, microbial cultures or animal models.
  • Anti-adhesive or probiotic activity: The product may reduce colonization or pathogen attachment without directly killing the microorganism.
  • Topical evidence: Results from topical use cannot be assumed to apply to an orally administered supplement.


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
6461- 1,8-Cin,    1,8-cineole (eucalyptol): A versatile phytochemical with therapeutic applications across multiple diseases
- Review, AD, NA - Review, Var, NA
*Inflam↓, long history of use in traditional medicine and exhibits an array of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, analgesic, and pro-apoptotic effects.
*antiOx↑,
*neuroP↑, recent studies have highlighted the neuroprotective, analgesic, and pro-apoptotic properties of 1,8-cineole, underscoring its potential beneficial role in a broad spectrum of conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, neuropathic pain, and cancer
*BioAv↑, Marked by a logP value of 2.74, 1,8-cineole strikes an optimal equilibrium between solubility and permeability, hinting at its favorable potential for oral bioavailability
*Half-Life↝, In rabbits, oral administration of 200 mg/kg has led to rapid attainment of peak plasma concentration within 1 h, indicating efficient absorption
*toxicity↓, compound’s toxicity profile, the oral acute LD50 value in rats is documented at 2480 mg/kg body weight
*PGE2↓, 1,8-cineole decreased the release of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in asthmatic patients, and reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, LTB4, and thromboxane B2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood
*TNF-α↓,
*IL1β↓,
*NO↓, 1,8-cineole hindered LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse macrophage cell lines
*NF-kB↓, inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and PPARγ, leading to the suppression of immune response genes.
*PPARγ↓,
COX2↓, ,8-cineole has been found to impede UVB-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA production in HaCaT cells
*ROS↓, 1,8-cineole’s antioxidant properties play a crucial role in its therapeutic potential, as it is effective in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS)
*SOD↑, 1,8-cineole treatment enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), increased total antioxidant capacity, and decreased ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA)
*Catalase↑,
*TAC↑,
*MDA↓,
*lipid-P↓, 1,8-cineole has demonstrated the ability to inhibit LP
*NRF2↑, The antioxidant activity of 1,8-cineole is mediated, in part, by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 system
*HO-1↑, increased expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant proteins, such as heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NOQ1)
*NADPH↑,
*GPx↑, 1,8-cineole treatment has been shown to enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, GPx, and CAT,
*AntiBio↑, Antibacterial properties: activity, synergy with antibiotics, and impact on biofilm formation and cell morphology
*eff↑, Although 1,8-cineole exhibited weaker bactericidal activity than commonly used antibiotics such as gentamicin and amoxicillin (AMX)/clavulanic acid, it significantly reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics when used in combination
*AntiFungal↑, Antifungal properties: inhibition of fungal growth and disruption of biofilm formation
*AntiViral↑, Antiviral properties: inhibition of viral replication and enhancement of antiviral responses
*TRPA1↑, 1,8-cineole could activate TRPA1 channels in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG),
eff↑, when combined with simvastatin, increased G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and sensitized cells to apoptosis
TumCCA↑, 1,8-cineole induced G0/G1 arrest and senescence in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress and various signaling pathways such as MAPK, AMPK, and Akt/mTOR
ROS↑,
MAPK↝,
mTOR↝,
Apoptosis↑, HCT116 and RKO human colon cancer cell lines, 1,8-cineole selectively promoted apoptosis rather than necrosis
survivin↓, This process was linked to survivin and Akt inactivation, along with p38 activation.
Akt↓,
p38↑,
cl‑PARP↑, triggered subsequent cleavage of PARP and caspase-3, resulting in apoptosis.
cl‑Casp3⇅,
P53↑, increasing p53 expression, as well as the expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax/Bcl-2, Cyt-c, caspase-9, and caspase-3)
BAX↑,
Cyt‑c↑,
Casp9↑,
Dose↝, efficacious concentrations of 1,8-cineole reported for inhibiting in vitro cancer cell proliferation range from micromolar [135], [136] to millimolar (mM)
*Aβ↓, 1,8-cineole in rat PC12 cells (pheochromocytoma cells) demonstrated effective mitigation of the Aβ induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress
*tau↓, 1,8-cineole has shown the ability to modulate tau phosphorylation by suppressing GSK-3β activity and to reduce Aβ production by inhibiting beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1), both in vitro and in vivo
*GSK‐3β↓,
*BACE↓,
*cardioP↑, 1,8-cineole enhanced cell viability, inhibited cardiac hypertrophy, attenuated cardiac remodeling, improved cardiac function, and decreased the concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in rat hearts
MFN2↑, 1,8-cineole was also found to inhibit the activation of dynamin-related protein 1 and promote mitochondrial fusion by increasing MFN2.

6763- AL,    Revealing the Therapeutic Uses of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Its Potential for Drug Discovery
- Review, Nor, NA
*Inflam↓, It has anti-inflammatory, rheumatological, ulcer inhibiting, anticholinergic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antistress, antidiabetes, anticancer, liver protection, anthelmintics, antioxidants, antifungal, and wound healing propertie
*AntiBio↑,
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*antiOx↑,
*AntiFungal↑,
*Wound Healing↑,
*other↑, Garlic has a higher concentration of sulfur compounds (allicin, diallyl disulfide, S-allylcysteine, and diallyl trisulfide), which are responsible for its therapeutic properties.
*BP↓, Garlic consumption lowers blood pressure, inhibits atherosclerosis, decreases serum cholesterol and triglycerides, suppresses platelet aggregation, and increases fibrinolytic activity, among other things
*LDL↓,
*AntiAg↑,
*cognitive↑, Garlic can also aid in preventing cognitive decline by shielding neurons from neurotoxicity and apoptosis, which helps to prevent ischemia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and neuronal death while also boosting learning and memory retention
*memory↑,
Risk↑, People who consumed more garlic had a 54% decreased risk of pancreatic cancer than those who consumed fewer amounts of garlic
*COX1↓, Garlic supplements have been demonstrated to reduce cyclooxygenase activity and thromboxane A2 production, resulting in antiplatelet action
*TXA2↓,

6764- BBR,    Berberine as a therapeutic alkaloid against ESKAPE and multiple drug-resistant bacteria: a comprehensive review
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Although berberine exhibits remarkable in vitro antimicrobial activity, its very poor systemic bioavailability (< 1%) results in a more than 1000-fold PK-PD gap between achievable plasma levels and effective MIC values.
*BioAv↓,

6542- BSB,    Health Benefits, Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of α-Bisabolol
- Review, Var, NA - Review, Park, NA - Review, AD, NA
AntiCan↑, Numerous experimental studies demonstrated pharmacological properties of α-Bisabolol including anticancer, antinociceptive, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial.
*neuroP↑,
*cardioP↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*BioAv↑, Given the polypharmacological effects and pleiotropic properties, along with favorable pharmacokinetics, and dietary availability and safety, α-Bisabolol can be used as a dietary agent, nutraceutical or phytopharmaceutical agent or as an adjuvant wit
*toxicity↓,
*BioAv↑, integrated in many cosmetic formulations due to its skin soothing effects, well documented dermal absorption
*motorD↑, improvement in locomotor activity, a reduction in the expression of thiol and a reinstate of the activity of mitochondrial complex-I.
*SOD↑, α-Bisabolol also increased the mRNA level of antioxidants proteins such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the keap1 gene product.
*Catalase↑,
*Keap1↑,
*MDA↓, α-Bisabolol attenuated oxidative insult by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA), restoring depleted glutathione (GSH) and improving SOD and CAT activity.
*GSH↑,
*IL1β↓, attenuated neuroinflammation by reducing glial cells activation and subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and mediators (iNOS and COX-2).
*IL6↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*iNOS↓,
*COX2↓,
*lipid-P↓, α-Bisabolol restored mitochondrial function by preventing mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, cytochrome-C release and most importantly preserving Complex-I activity
*Cyt‑c↓,
*ROS↓, The study concluded that α-Bisabolol safeguarded against the induced upsurge of ROS and nitrite.
*MMP↑, α-Bisabolol treatment also restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) validating its antioxidant effect.
*antiOx↑,
*AChE↓, showed a significant reduction in AChE activity and an ability to avert Ach depletion.
*Apoptosis↓, α-Bisabolol protected cells from Aβ triggered apoptosis by reducing Bax and Caspase-3 and increasing Bcl-2 activity.
*BAX↓,
*Casp3↓,
*Bcl-2↑,
*BACE↓, α-Bisabolol inhibitory activity on BACE1 and found a decrease in BACE1 activity following α-Bisabolol treatment
*BChE↓, AChE, BuChE, β-secretase actions were decreased significantly in cells pretreated with α-Bisabolol
*eff↑, The compound clearly illustrated a potent anti-AchE activity of 95.869% similar to the activity of donepezil, a standard drug. I
*Aβ↓, The compound also disaggregated Aβ25–35 peptide and protected against its induced toxicity by increasing neuro2a cells viability [
*ATP↑, figure 2
RadioS↑, α-Bisabolol and Anticancer Effects, figure 3
Cyt‑c↑,
Casp3↑,
Casp8↑,
Casp9↑,
Apoptosis↑,
PARP↑,
BAX↑,
BID↑,
NF-kB↑,
Fas↑,
EGFR↑,
TIMP2↑,
XIAP↓,
COX2↓,
Bak↓,
Bcl-2↓,
P53↑, The expression of p53 (a transcription factors whose products might lead to apoptosis), NF-κB and Fas was increased following α-Bisabolol treatment, indicating their function in mediating α-Bisabolol-induced apoptosis in the cancer cell line.
HER2/EBBR2↓,
FGF↓,
CEA↓,
Akt↓,
TumCCA↑, α-Bisabolol suppresses the cellular proliferation at G2/M cell cycle phase.
*Imm↑, reported that α-Bisabolol boosted the immunity response by T-cell subsets (CD4 and CD8) supplementation in treated mice.
*CD4+↑,
*CD8+↑,
*BBB↑, ↑ BBB penetration
*Pain↓, α-Bisabolol based mouthwash to that of chlorhexidine in reducing pain during brushing
*cardioP↑, α-Bisabolol and Cardioprotection, figure 5
*TBARS↓, rats co-treated with α-Bisabolol showed reduced LOOH and TBARS and increased SOD, CAT and GSH.
*SOD↑,
*Catalase↑,
*GSH↑,
*AntiBio↑, α-Bisabolol demonstrated an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as a synergism against S. aureus, when combined with the antibiotic norfloxacin and against E. coli when combined with
*AntiFungal↑, ↓ fungal growth
*GastroP↑, α-Bisabolol and Gastroprotection. oral administration of α-Bisabolol was realized to attenuate gastric damage and to provide cytoprotection in stomach.
*RenoP↑, The nephroprotective effects of α-Bisabolol and the underlying mechanisms are summarized in Table 10.
*creat↓, ↓ creatinine, urea, uric acid
*uricA↓,
*Inflam↓, Anti-Inflammatory Effects of α-Bisabolol
*iNOS↓, ↓ iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, p65 PGE2, nitrite, IL-6, ↓ MMP13
*COX2↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*IL6↑,
*MMP13↓,

6544- BSB,    Involvement of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in alpha-bisabolol induced apoptosis
- in-vitro, GBM, NA
*Inflam↓, Alpha-bisabolol is known to have anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
*AntiBio↑,
selectivity↑, Alpha-bisabolol toxicity is clearly related to its cellular uptake, which is higher in transformed cell lines.
Apoptosis↑, a-bisabolol is able to kill by apoptosis human and mouse glioma cell lines such as U87, T67 and C6, which are highly resistant to common antitumor treatments.
Casp3↑, a-Bisabolol quickly induces caspase-3 activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage
cl‑PARP↑,
MMP↓, treatment of cells with a-bisabolol rapidly induces loss of mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential (DWm ) and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.
Cyt‑c↑,
MPT↑, treatment with a-bisabolol and could be mediated by mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening
ROS↑, Treatment with 5 lm a-bisabolol increases the ROS level in T67 cells
eff↓, this effect was counteracted by adding 10 mm N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC).
OCR↓, The decrease in oxygen consumption became more pronounced after 90 min of incubation
eff↑, a-Bisabolol toxicity is higher under aerobic metabolic conditions

6552- BSB,    Biochemical characterization of chamomile essential oil: Antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and neuroprotective activity and potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*TNF-α↓, (TNF-α), amyloid precursor protein (APP), amyloid beta (Aβ), caspase-3, & B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was significantly elevated due to the harmful effect of AlCl3; however, CCO downregulated these values,
*Aβ↓,
*Casp3↓,
*Bcl-2↓,
*neuroP↑, The brain histology of CCO-treated rats showed a significant reduction in neuronal degeneration and improved brain changes, and its histology was close to that of the control brain.
*antiOx↑, could be used as an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent for AD due to its considerable contents of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑, These compounds are responsible for many of the beneficial effects of chamomile essential oil, including its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and sedative properties (Petronilho et al., 2012);
*AChE↓, they also have an inhibiting effect on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities
*BChE↓,
Dose↝, main compounds in the GC–MS profile were α-Bisabolol, Camazulene, Bisabolol oxide A, 1,6-Dioxaspiro [4.4] non-3-ene, 2-(2,4-hexadiyn-1-ylidene) with contents of 26.1, 25.3, 27.8, and 25.2 % in CCO
Dose↝, we found that α-Pinene and Limonene were more distinct in plants than in the flower
Dose↝, The IC50 of CCO was 200 µg/mL compared to 400 µg/mL for Cisptalin.

6556- BSB,    A Comprehensive Study of Therapeutic Applications of Chamomile
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, AD, NA - Review, Park, NA - Review, Stroke, NA
*Inflam↓, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-allergic, anticancer, and anti-hypertensive agent
*antiOx↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*AntiCan↑,
*other↝, Two major species of chamomile widely used for health conditions are German chamomile (M. chamomilla L.) and Roman or English chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile syn. Anthemis nobilis L.) [6]
*toxicity↓, Chamomile is generally safe for consumption and is consumed as tea or tonic.
*Wound Healing↓, As a drug, it is useful in flatulence, colic, hysteria, intermittent fever, depression, ulcer, and wound healing
*Dose↝, The main constituents of the oil include terpenoids, mainly sesquiterpenes and α-bisabolol
*Dose↝, The major flavonoids present are apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, and luteolin in concentrations of 16.8%, 9.9%, 6.5%, and 1.9%, respectively, of course again depending on the species and cultivation.
*eff↝, The main components in German chamomile are terpenoid; α-bisabolol and its oxide azulenes, such as chamazulene (1–15%); and apigenin [12,16,17,18]. Roman chamomile, on the other hand, contains mainly angelic acid and tiglic acid esters
*ROS↓, e herb significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, with the most prominent effect witnessed at a dose of 1000 mg/mL.
*TNF-α↓, significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 was observed, which suggests anti-inflammatory activities.
*IL6↓,
*other↝, Chamomile, being a natural antioxidant, possesses the ability to scavenge free radicals and, thus, can be effective for the management of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cerebral ischemia
*AST↓, aqueous chamomile extracts reduced the levels of AST and ALT by 33–37%.
*ALAT↓,

6662- Cen,    Assessment report on Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, herba
- Review, Nor, NA
*cognitive↑, wound healing,ulcer-protective, psychoneuro-pharmacological (cognitive effects), antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulayory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, angiogenetic, antioxidant of the Centella extracts or asiaticosid
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑,
*Imm↑,
*antiOx↑,
*Wound Healing↑, Alcoholic Centella extracts when topically applied accelerate wound healing stimulating epithelisation and increasing the rate of wound contraction.
*cardioP↑, cardio protective effect of Centella asiatica on myocardial marker enzymes and antioxidant enzymes in adriamycin induced cardiomyopathy was inve
*SOD↑, (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST). Treatment with Centella asiatica (200 mg/kg of body wt/oral) extract significantly prevented these alterations and restored the enzyme activities to near normal levels
*Catalase↑,
*GPx↑,
*GSTs↑,
*MDA↓, lower MDA levels than did the other rats, which indicates decreased lipid peroxidation in these rats.
*lipid-P↓,
*ROS↓, Centella asiatica extract and powder may ameliorate H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation via alteration of the antioxidant defence system of the rats
*memory↑, Only the aqueous extract of whole plant (200 mg/kg for 14 days) showed an improvement in learning and memory of male Wistar rats
*GABA↑, The alcoholic Centella asiatica extract dose-dependently increased the GABA level in rats.
*antiPs↑, Centella asiatica extracts as a topical anti-psoriatic agent
*BioAv↝, After oral or subcutaneous administration of madecassoside, asiaticoside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid in rats, the bio-availability is varying between 30% and 50%, respectively.

6773- Cin,    Cinnamaldehyde in Focus: Antimicrobial Properties, Biosynthetic Pathway, and Industrial Applications
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, targeting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as various fungi, positions TCA as a potent natural antimicrobial agent.
*AntiFungal↓,
*AntiDiabetic↑, TCA demonstrates promising antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities
*Inflam↓,
*ROS↑, Antimicrobial: TCA has been shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) overload and oxidative stress
ROS↑, Anticancer Activity:TCA is associated with the increase in ROS and FE as a result of a reversible accumulation of cells in the G2/M cell cycle phases
TumCCA↑,

6770- CUR,    A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Antimicrobial activities for curcumin and rhizome extract of C. longa against different bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been reported.
*Bacteria↓, These results demonstrated promising antibacterial activity for different curcumin derivatives as well.
*AntiViral↑, Antiviral Activity
*BioAv↓, optimum potential of curcumin is limited because of poor oral bioavailability and insufficient solubility in aqueous solvents leading to poor absorption, fast metabolism, and quick systemic elimination
*Half-Life↓,

6663- DFE,    Nutraceuticals of Phoenix dactylifera L.: Physicochemistry, Nutritional Value and Therapeutic Potential
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, Date palm products are rich in carbohydrates, dietary fiber, essential minerals, and phenolic and flavonoid compounds, such as gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, and ferulic acid, which underpin their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑, Experimental studies further suggest potential antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-arthritic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and gastroprotective effects.
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*AntiCan↑,
*AntiArt↑, biosynthesized AgNPs derived from date seed extracts has been reported to exhibit anti-arthritic activity in experimental models
*neuroP↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*GastroP↑,
*other↝, The mineral composition of date palm fruits (Table 6) reveals potassium as the most abundant mineral, followed by magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus.
*cardioP↑, This mineral profile supports the use of date palm fruit as a functional food for cardiovascular health, particularly in individuals with hypertension, due to its high potassium and low sodium content.
*cognitive↑, Multiple preclinical studies provided evidence that these compounds may enhance brain health and cognitive performance by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory mediators, thus alleviating memory impairments and inflammation.
*ROS↓,
*memory↑, reported that date palm extracts were associated with improvements in memory performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and preservation of neuronal morphology, particularly in the CA1 region of the hippocampus
*other↝, numerous literature have reported that both date fruit and seed extracts may alleviate oxidative stress, subsequently exerting anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and metabolic regulatory effects through modulation of related signaling pathways.
*SOD↑, Date fruit extract treatment was also found to restore antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and elevated glutathione (GSH) levels, further strengthening its proposed protective role against oxidative
*Catalase↑,
*GSH↑,
*GA↑, rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, quercetin, apigenin, caffeic acid, rutin, and lutein,
*Catechins↑,
*FA↑,
*QC↑,
Api↑,
*CA↑,
*Imm↑, Phoenix dactylifera L. extracts have also been reported to enhance immune function. The high polyphenol content in Phoenix dactylifera L. has been shown to stimulate immune responses
*Phen↑,
*IL1β↓, downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, COX-1, and COX-2, in middle-aged women following chronic consumption of date seed
*TGF-β↓,
*COX1↓,
*COX2↓,
TumCP↓, Phoenix dactylifera L. aqueous-ethanolic extract demonstrated antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities against human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7)
Casp3↑, seed extracts demonstrated pro-apoptotic effects via caspase-3 activation in MDA‑MB‑231 cells
TumMeta↓, exhibited antiproliferative effects against U87 glioblastoma and MDA‑MB‑231 cells, along with significant inhibition of cell adhesion and migration, indicating potential anti-metastatic properties.
*GutMicro↑, It was suggested that daily consumption of dates may provide fermentable substrates for gut microbiota, thereby reducing toxic protein-derived metabolites.

6668- DFE,  AgNPs,    Saponin-Derived Silver Nanoparticles from Phoenix dactylifera (Ajwa Dates) Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Bioactivities Combating Bacterial Infections
- in-vitro, Lung, A549
*AntiBio↑, The biosynthesized AgNPs-S exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria due to their capability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and the leakage of nucleic acid and protein contents.
antiOx↑, Furthermore, the AgNPs-S demonstrated significant antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and cytotoxicity against small lung cancer cells (A549 cells).
TumCD↑,
ROS↑, Furthermore, AgNPs can also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, which are capable of inducing DNA damage
DNAdam↑,
*Catalase↑, AgNPs can actively stimulate the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which assist in the reduction of oxidative stress and the conservation of cellular homeostasis
*GPx↑,
*SOD↑,
*ROS↓,

6715- dietF,    Are Fermented Foods Effective against Inflammatory Diseases?
- Review, Nor, NA
*Imm↑, Fermented foods containing probiotic bacteria and fungi can enhance the immune system, improve gastrointestinal health, and lower the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.
*GastroP↑,
*Inflam↓,
AntiCan↑, Kombucha tea possesses anticancer, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective properties
*AntiBio↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*CD4+↑, Kombucha consumption also reduced inflammation by increasing polarization of CD4+ T cells (by induction of IL-4 and TGF-β) and by inhibiting IFN-γ and IL-17
*IFN-γ↓,
*IL17↓,
*GutMicro↑, Kombucha intake also promoted the growth of butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut that exert anti-inflammatory effects
*antiOx↑, fermented turmeric demonstrated stronger antioxidative activity than raw turmeric.
*AST↓, After 5 days of fermentation with Bacillus natto, fermented turmeric dramatically decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in contrast to unfermented turmeric.
*ALAT↓,
*HDL↑, After fermentation, there was a considerable rise in HDL cholesterol and a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol [45].
*LDL↓,
*ROS↓, Kimchi has also demonstrated potent radical scavenging and antioxidant activity in vitro, enhancing LLC-PK1 cell viability by protection against lipid peroxidation.
*lipid-P↓,
*Inflam↓, The anti-inflammatory properties of sauerkraut LAB were emphasized in a randomized, double-blinded pilot study on 34 Norwegian inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) patients.
*Aβ↓, Mice fed with doenjang-infused high-fat feed had reduced β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neuroinflammatory gene levels, further reinforcing the protective effect of fermented soy on the aging brain

6778- EGCG,    The antimicrobial possibilities of green tea
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, ECG, EGC, and EGCG have been shown to have antimicrobial effects against a variety of organisms.
*Bacteria↓, Green tea has been shown to have antimicrobial effects against a variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp.), some fungi (e.g., Candida albicans), and a varie

6783- EGCG,    Absorption, metabolism, bioactivity, and biotransformation of epigallocatechin gallate
- Review, Nor, NA
*antiOx↑, variety of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial activities.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiCan↑,
*Bacteria↓,
*AntiBio↑,
*BioAv↓, However, the poor bioavailability of EGCG restricts its use
*GutMicro↑, This review provides a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of EGCG and its metabolites for improving the gut microbiota and physiological health.

6784- EGCG,    Dietary (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): State-of-the-Art Advances in Bioactivities, Bioavailability Enhancement Strategies, and Applications in Nutrition and Health
- Review, Nor, NA
*antiOx↑, bioactivities of EGCG, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, metabolic regulatory, neuroprotective, gut microbiota-modulating, and antimicrobial properties.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiCan↑,
*cardioP↑,
*neuroP↑,
*GutMicro↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*ROS↓, Figure 1, anti inflammatory
*TNF-α↓,
*IL6↓,
TumCP↓,
*LDL↓, cardioprotective
*NO↓,
*Obesity↓, Metabolic syndrome
*p‑tau↓, nervous system
*Aβ↓,
*NRF2↑, , EGCG has been shown to activate the Keap1/P62/Nrf2 signaling pathway,
*SOD↑, upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, indirectly diminishing the levels of intracellular oxygen free radicals
*Catalase↑,
*GPx↑,
*NLRP3↓, EGCG also restores autophagy levels, suppresses the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway
*mTOR↓,
TumCCA↑, Cancer: induce cell cycle arrest and inhibit tumor cell proliferation
NRF2↓, EGCG inhibits CCL5-stimulated lung cancer cell proliferation by down-regulating Nrf2 expression
Apoptosis↑, Inducing Apoptosis in Cancer Cells
SIRT1↓, EGCG activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by downregulating SIRT1 expression to modulate the SIRT1-p53 axis
miR-25-5p↓, In breast cancer, EGCG induces apoptosis by inhibiting miR-25 expression and elevating PARP, pre-caspase-3 and pre-caspase-9 protein levels
PARP↑,
Casp3↑,
Casp9↑,
ER Stress↑, in multiple myeloma, EGCG promotes apoptosis by activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway
TumAuto↑, EGCG induces autophagic cell death in breast cancer cells by retaining YAP1 in the cytoplasm and promoting the assembly of the CHMP2B-VPS4B complex
EMT↓, EGCG has been demonstrated to inhibit EMT, invasion, and migration by blocking the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway
TumCI↓,
TumCMig↓,
TGF-β↓,
Smad1↓,
STAT3↓, EGCG can directly bind to STAT3, reducing nuclear localization and inhibiting the transcription of PLXNC1.
VEGF↓, widely believed that EGCG can block this process by reducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, a key factor in angiogenesis,
angioG↓, The inhibition of angiogenic mimicry by EGCG through the Twist/VE-calmodulin/AKT pathway has also been demonstrated in prostate cancer cells
Imm↑, Acting as an Immunomodulator
EGFR↓, EGCG possesses the ability to interact with EGFR and inhibit activity, strengthening the anticancer evidence for EGCG
*GutMicro↑, EGCG can regulate the balance of gut flora. For example, EGCG can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, while promoting the proliferation of probiotics like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus
*Bacteria↓, Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of EGCG
*AntiViral↑,
*BioAv↓, EGCG, its low bioavailability in the human body limits clinical efficacy.
*BioAv↑, Nanotechnology strategy of EGCG.
*eff↑, Co-encapsulation assay of EGCG with quercetin shows that the two synergistically enhanced the antioxidant capacity of EGCG
*BioAv↑, Combining EGCG with resveratrol increases its solubility and significantly improves its absorption in the small intestine.
eff↑, combination of EGCG and curcumin inhibits the activity of metabolic enzymes, reduces the rate of metabolism in the liver and enhances its antitumor efficacy
ChemoSen↑, synergistic effects of EGCG combined with chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil, celecoxib, cisplatin, and tamoxifen have also been reported
*toxicity↝, The European Food Safety Authority notes in scientific opinion that daily oral doses of 800 mg or higher of EGCG represent a common starting point for observed cases of liver injury

6815- EMD,    NMR-based Metabolomic Techniques Identify the Toxicity of Emodin in HepG2 Cells
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
AntiCan↑, The pharmacological effects of emodin include anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and even antimicrobial activities.
*hepatoP↑,
*Inflam↓,
*antiOx↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*toxicity↝, However, emodin also has been reported to induce hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity.
tumCV↓, Emodin inhibited viability and HepG2 cell proliferation
TumCP↓,
Apoptosis↑, After 12 h and 24 h of exposure, emodin was found to induce HepG2 cells apoptosis
ALAT↓, decreased concentrations of 2-hydroxybutyrate, 2-oxoglutarate, alanine, creatine phosphate, glucose, glutathione, glutamine, glycine, isocitrate, N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylglutamine, proline, UDP-glucuronate, ATP,
glucose↓,
GSH↓,
ATP↓,

6814- EMD,    Emodin: A Review of its Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics
- Review, Nor, NA
AntiCan↑, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
*hepatoP↑,
*Inflam↑,
*antiOx↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*BioAv↓, Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that emodin has poor oral bioavailability in rats because of its extensive glucuronidation.
*AntiViral↑, pharmacological effects, such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti‐allergic, anti‐osteoporotic, anti‐diabetic, immunosuppressive, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective activities.
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*neuroP↑,
CSCs↓, Emodin effectively blocked the self‐renewal activity of glioma stem cells by suppressing crucial stemness signalling pathways involving Notch‐1, b‐catenin and STAT3.
NOTCH↓,
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
STAT3↓,
TumCCA↑, that cells in G2/M phase increased significantly and that the proportion of S‐phase cells gradually declined
*TNF-α↓, inhibiting the serum expression levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐1β
IL6↓,
IL1β↓,
*MMP9↓, emodin treatment effectively inhibited allergen‐induced inflammation by reducing the Th2 immune response, suppressing MMP‐9 expression and inducing HO‐1 expression in a murine model of asthma
*HO-1↑,
cMyc↓, Emodin strongly inhibits the expression of proteins and genes, such as C‐MYC, MCL1, CCND1, CK2, IKK2, PKC, TGF‐β1, Smad4 and Bcl‐2/Bax.
Mcl-1↓,

6381- Eug,    Biological Properties and Prospects for the Application of Eugenol—A Review
- Review, Var, NA
*eff↑, Isoeugenol derivatives have become a popular subject of research due to their fungicidal and insecticidal properties, because they exhibit greater antimicrobial activity than eugenol
*BioAv↝, Eugenol is a clear to pale yellow liquid with an oily consistency and a spicy aroma. It is sparingly soluble in water and well soluble in organic solvents.
*BioAv↝, Eugenol has low chemical stability and is sensitive to oxidation and various chemical interactions. When orally administered, it is rapidly absorbed by various organs and metabolized in the liver.
*BioAv↑, encapsulation of eugenol seems to be the best solution to prevent early absorption, improve its water solubility, and, thus, increase its activity. eugenol delivered increases at least sixfold in infected cells when delivered as solid lipid NPs
*antiOx↑, Eugenol has demonstrated various antioxidant, analgesic, antimutagenic, anti-platelet, antiallergic, anti-swelling, and anti-inflammatory properties.
*AntiAg↑,
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑, It has also displayed antimicrobial effects against many human pathogens, including a wide group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi and a number of parasites
*MAOA↓, Eugenol is a popular antioxidant and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, and it is also known to exhibit neuroprotective properties
*neuroP↑,
*ROS↓, Eugenol is known to scavenge free radicals, inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species, prevent the production of reactive forms of nitrogen
*RNS↓,
*eff↑, The study on eugenol showed that this compound has synergistic activity with various antibiotics, such as vancomycin, penicillin, ampicillin, and erythromycin, and the combination of these compounds allowed a reduction in MIC values of 5–1000 times
NF-kB↓, killing cancer cells. The molecular mechanism is believed to include various stages: inhibiting NF-κB activation, downregulating prostaglandin synthesis, reducing cyclooxygenase-2 activity,
PGE2↓,
COX2↓,
TumCCA↑, inducing cell cycle arrest in the S phase, and causing apoptotic cell death by lowering inflammatory cytokine levels
Apoptosis↑,
TumCMig↓, even a low dose of eugenol interfered with the migration and invasion of carcinogenic cells, inhibited lung cancer cell viability,
TumCI↓,
tumCV↓,
PI3K↓, blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway (an intracellular signaling pathway involved in cell cycle regulation) and inhibiting MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) activity
Akt↓,
MMPs↓,
ChemoSen↑, eugenol is believed to enhance the inhibition of breast cancer stem cells by cisplatin by inhibiting the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH)
ALDH↓,
*Pain↓, Eugenol is a popular painkiller and anesthetic used in dental practice.
*VGSC↓, It has been found to inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) in the primary supply neurons of the teeth in various studies, including one based on a rat model
*IL1β↓, It is also known to be an inhibitor of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β and IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), expression of inducible oxide nitrate synthase (iNOS)
*IL6↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*iNOS↓,
*5LO↓, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and leukotriene C4 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)
*chemoPv↑, eugenol dimers have shown chemopreventive properties by inhibiting cytokine expression in macrophages

6380- Eug,    Bioactivity of Eugenol: A Potential Antibiotic Adjuvant with Minimal Ecotoxicological Impact
- in-vitro, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Combining commercial antibiotics with adjuvants to lower their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is vital in combating antimicrobial resistance.
*eff↑, Our findings indicate that eugenol significantly reduces MICs by 75 to 98%, which means that it could be a potent adjuvant.

6772- Eug,    Antimicrobial activity of eugenol and essential oils containing eugenol: A mechanistic viewpoint
- Review, Nor, NA
*antiOx↑, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑, Eugenol has also shown excellent antimicrobial activity in studies, being active against fungi and a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
*Bacteria↓,
*AntiFungal↑,

6562- Ger,    Potential Effects of Geraniol on Cancer and Inflammation-Related Diseases: A Review of the Recent Research Findings
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA
*Inflam↓, wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities.
*AntiCan↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*antiOx↑,
*neuroP↑,
ROS↓, GNL scavenges free radicals and preserves the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Apoptosis↑, GNL induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, modulates multiple molecular targets, including p53 and STAT3, activates caspases, and modulates inflammation via transcriptional regulation.
TumCCA↑,
P53↝,
STAT3↓, GNL reduces survivin protein levels by downregulating phosphorylated STAT3.
Casp↝,
*Catalase↑, This compound protects various antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase.
*GSTs↑,
*GPx↑,
*AChE↓, In addition, GNL suppressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and alleviated oxidative stress by boosting neuronal reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities.
*GSH↑,
*SOD↑,
*TBARS↓, It lowered malondialdehyde concentration (TBARS), nitric oxide (NO), and xanthine oxidase (XO), and restored the structural damage to the brain tissue caused by HFD.
*NO↓,
*XO↓,
*memory↑, GNL boosted learning and memory function and ameliorated the inflammation status in the brain by lowering the protein levels of IL-1β, iNOS, NF-κBp65, and COX-2
*IL1β↓,
*iNOS↓,
*NF-kB↓,
*COX2↓,
*NRF2↑, GNL administration ameliorated renal function, alleviated histological changes, and enhanced Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO-1 with a subsequent intensification of antioxidant enzyme activities.
*HO-1↑,
*survivin↓, GNL reduces survivin protein levels by downregulating phosphorylated STAT3.
TumCP↓, They have shown that GNL treatment significantly suppressed oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in a time- and dose-dependent manner.
TumCMig↓,
TumCG↑,
selectivity↑, GNL may be helpful in treating different types of malignancy, while having limited effects on normal cells.
TumMeta↓, GNL has been reported to inhibit cancer metastasis and angiogenesis.
angioG↓,
Hif1a↓, A549 lung cancer cells treated with GNL, downregulation of HIF-1alpha, a VEGF regulator, occurred
Beclin-1↓, GNL also decreases autophagy through downregulation of BNIP3 and beclin-1 expression, which increases apoptotic cell death through HIF-1α signaling.

6535- MeSal,    Phytochemistry and Biological Profile of Gaultheria procumbens L. and Wintergreen Essential Oil: From Traditional Application to Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets
*Inflam↓, Wintergreen oil is reported as a potent anti-inflammatory agent exhibiting moderate antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in vitro and significant insecticidal and larvicidal capacity.
*antiOx↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*other↝, dominant component of the essential oil is methyl salicylate (Figure 5), constituting almost 99% of the entire complex,

6774- Neem,    The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Currently, the extensive antimicrobial activities of A. indica are being explored through research in the fields of dentistry, food safety, bacteriology, mycology, virology, and parasitology.

6775- Neem,  Nimb,    Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment
- Review, Nor, NA
*antiOx↑, its role as health-promoting effect is attributed because it is rich source of antioxidant.
P53↑, anticancer management through the modulation of various molecular pathways including p53, pTEN, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Bcl-2, and VEGF
PTEN↑, figure 2
NF-kB↓,
PI3K↓,
Akt↓,
Bcl-2↓,
VEGF↓,
*Inflam↓, Neem also plays role as anti-inflammatory via regulation of proinflammatory enzyme activities including cyclooxygenase (COX), and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme.
*COX2↓,
*5LO↝,
*Wound Healing↑, figure 1
*Imm↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*neuroP↑,
*AntiViral↑,
*Bacteria↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*AntiFungal↑,
cMyc↓, figure 2
BAX↓,
IAP1↓, Nimbolide downregulated cell survival proteins, including I-FLICE, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, and upregulated the proapoptotic proteins p53 and Bax
IAP2↓,
Bcl-xL↓,
survivin↓,
XIAP↓,
angioG↓, ethanolic fraction of neem leaf (EFNL) treatment effectively inhibited the expression of proangiogenic genes,

6766- Oreg,    Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and Potential Uses of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and Oregano Essential Oil
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, serving as a source of natural antiseptics and protective agents
*other↝, Oregano essential oil, rich in thymol and carvacrol, has a number of health-promoting properties.
*antiOx↑, These compounds (also present in extracts) exhibit significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities.
*Inflam↓,
angioG↓,
AntiCan↑,

6765- ProBio,    Probiotics
*GutMicro↑, hese mechanisms include the inhibition of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract (by fostering colonization resistance, improving intestinal transit, producing antimicrobial substances, or helping normalize a perturbed
*AntiBio↑,
*pH↓, and the reduction of luminal pH in the colon
*Diar↓, Some systematic reviews and meta-analyses report that starting certain probiotic treatments within 2 days of the first antibiotic dose helps reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in specific patient populations.

6768- T4O,    Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: a Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil
*other↝, Terpinen-4-ol ≥30c 40.1%
*AntiFungal↑, TTO vapors have also been demonstrated to inhibit fungal growth
*Inflam↓, Numerous recent studies now support the anecdotal evidence attributing anti-inflammatory activity to TTO.
*ROS⇅, TTO decreases the production of reactive oxygen species by both stimulated neutrophils and monocytes and that it also stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species by nonprimed neutrophils and monocytes
*toxicity↑, TTO can be toxic if ingested, as evidenced by studies with animals and from cases of human poisoning.

6767- Thyme,    Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, this compound also exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activities, as well as a potential as a growth enhancer and immunomodulator.
*Inflam↓,
*Imm↑,
*other↝, Thymol, usually combined with glycerin, alcohol, and other volatiles, is used to make mouthwashes.
*Half-Life↝, Peak plasma concentrations (93.1 ng/ml) were reached after above 2 hr, and the mean terminal elimination half‐life was 10.2 hr.
*Obesity↓, This compound prevented obesity through several mechanisms, such as the attenuation of visceral fat accumulation,
*GutMicro↑, as well as modulate gut microbiota

6776- TQ,    Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its constituent (thymoquinone): a review on antimicrobial effects
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, TQ, have a broad antimicrobial spectrum including Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, parasites, schistosoma and fungi.
*AntiViral↑,
*AntiFungal↑,


Showing Research Papers: 1 to 30 of 30

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 30

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 1,   GSH↓, 1,   MFN2↑, 1,   NRF2↓, 1,   ROS↓, 1,   ROS↑, 4,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↓, 1,   MMP↓, 1,   MPT↑, 1,   OCR↓, 1,   XIAP↓, 2,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   cMyc↓, 2,   glucose↓, 1,   SIRT1↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Akt↓, 4,   Apoptosis↑, 7,   Bak↓, 1,   BAX↓, 1,   BAX↑, 2,   Bcl-2↓, 2,   Bcl-xL↓, 1,   BID↑, 1,   Casp↝, 1,   Casp3↑, 4,   cl‑Casp3⇅, 1,   Casp8↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 3,   Cyt‑c↑, 3,   Fas↑, 1,   IAP1↓, 1,   IAP2↓, 1,   MAPK↝, 1,   Mcl-1↓, 1,   p38↑, 1,   survivin↓, 2,   TumCD↑, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

HER2/EBBR2↓, 1,   miR-25-5p↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

tumCV↓, 2,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

ER Stress↑, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

Beclin-1↓, 1,   TumAuto↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↑, 1,   P53↑, 3,   P53↝, 1,   PARP↑, 2,   cl‑PARP↑, 2,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

TumCCA↑, 7,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

ALDH↓, 1,   CSCs↓, 1,   EMT↓, 1,   FGF↓, 1,   mTOR↝, 1,   NOTCH↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 2,   PTEN↑, 1,   STAT3↓, 3,   TumCG↑, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

CEA↓, 1,   MMPs↓, 1,   Smad1↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 1,   TIMP2↑, 1,   TumCI↓, 2,   TumCMig↓, 3,   TumCP↓, 4,   TumMeta↓, 2,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↓, 4,   EGFR↓, 1,   EGFR↑, 1,   Hif1a↓, 1,   VEGF↓, 2,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

COX2↓, 3,   IL1β↓, 1,   IL6↓, 1,   Imm↑, 1,   NF-kB↓, 2,   NF-kB↑, 1,   PGE2↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

ChemoSen↑, 2,   Dose↝, 4,   eff↓, 1,   eff↑, 3,   RadioS↑, 1,   selectivity↑, 2,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   CEA↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 1,   EGFR↑, 1,   HER2/EBBR2↓, 1,   IL6↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 5,   Risk↑, 1,  

Ingredients & Constituents(tgid=25) ⓘ

Api↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 96

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


NA, unassigned(tgid=0) ⓘ

AntiArt↑, 1,   AntiBio↑, 31,   TRPA1↑, 1,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 18,   Catalase↑, 8,   GPx↑, 5,   GSH↑, 4,   GSTs↑, 2,   HDL↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 3,   Keap1↑, 1,   lipid-P↓, 4,   MDA↓, 3,   NRF2↑, 3,   RNS↓, 1,   ROS↓, 9,   ROS↑, 1,   ROS⇅, 1,   SOD↑, 8,   TAC↑, 1,   TBARS↓, 2,   uricA↓, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↑, 1,   MMP↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   LDL↓, 3,   NADPH↑, 1,   PPARγ↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Apoptosis↓, 1,   BAX↓, 1,   Bcl-2↓, 1,   Bcl-2↑, 1,   Casp3↓, 2,   Cyt‑c↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 4,   survivin↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

other↑, 1,   other↝, 8,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

GSK‐3β↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 1,   VGSC↓, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

5LO↓, 1,   5LO↝, 1,   AntiAg↑, 2,   MMP13↓, 1,   MMP9↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

NO↓, 3,   TXA2↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

BBB↑, 1,   GastroP↑, 3,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

CD4+↑, 2,   COX1↓, 2,   COX2↓, 5,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   IL17↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 5,   IL6↓, 4,   IL6↑, 1,   Imm↑, 6,   Inflam↓, 22,   Inflam↑, 1,   NF-kB↓, 2,   PGE2↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 8,  

Cellular Microenvironment(tgid=17) ⓘ

pH↓, 1,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission(tgid=18) ⓘ

AChE↓, 3,   BChE↓, 2,   GABA↑, 1,   MAOA↓, 1,   tau↓, 1,   p‑tau↓, 1,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

Aβ↓, 5,   BACE↓, 2,   NLRP3↓, 1,   XO↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 5,   BioAv↑, 6,   BioAv↝, 3,   Dose↝, 2,   eff↑, 6,   eff↝, 1,   Half-Life↓, 1,   Half-Life↝, 2,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AST↓, 2,   BP↓, 1,   creat↓, 1,   GutMicro↑, 7,   IL6↓, 4,   IL6↑, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 5,   AntiDiabetic↑, 5,   antiPs↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 6,   chemoPv↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 3,   hepatoP↑, 7,   memory↑, 4,   motorD↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 9,   Obesity↓, 2,   Pain↓, 2,   RenoP↑, 1,   toxicity↓, 3,   toxicity↑, 1,   toxicity↝, 2,   Wound Healing↓, 1,   Wound Healing↑, 3,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

AntiFungal↓, 1,   AntiFungal↑, 7,   AntiViral↑, 6,   Bacteria↓, 5,   Bacteria↑, 1,   CD8+↑, 1,   Diar↓, 1,  

Ingredients & Constituents(tgid=25) ⓘ

CA↑, 1,   Catechins↑, 1,   FA↑, 1,   GA↑, 1,   Phen↑, 1,   QC↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 122

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: AntiBio, Antibiotic/Antimicrobial activity
4 α-Bisabolol / Chamomile oil
3 EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate)
3 Eugenol
2 Date Fruit Extract
2 Emodin
2 Neem
1 1,8-Cineole
1 Allicin (mainly Garlic)
1 Berberine
1 Centella asiatica / Gotu kola → asiaticoside
1 Cinnamon
1 Curcumin
1 Silver-NanoParticles
1 diet Fermented Foods
1 Geraniol
1 Methyl salicylate / Sweet Birch oil
1 Nimbolide
1 Oregano
1 probiotics
1 Terpinen-4-ol / Tea Tree Oil
1 Thyme
1 Thymoquinone
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:%  Target#:1483  State#:%  Dir#:2
  wNotes=on  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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