AntiBio Cancer Research Results

AntiBio, Antibiotic/Antimicrobial activity: Click to Expand ⟱
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Antibiotic / antimicrobial activity: The ability of a substance to suppress or kill microorganisms, especially bacteria, by disrupting microbial survival, growth, biofilm formation, cell-wall integrity, membrane function, protein synthesis, nucleic-acid synthesis, quorum sensing, or virulence.

Natural Products that might have antimicrobial properties

Natural supplement or product Principal constituents Potential antimicrobial activity Evidence assessment Reference
Garlic
Allium sativum		 Allicin, ajoene and diallyl sulfides Antibacterial and antifungal activity, with some antiviral and antiparasitic effects reported in laboratory studies. Extensive laboratory evidence, but insufficient clinical evidence to use garlic as a treatment for established infections. Tesfaye A. Revealing the therapeutic uses of garlic and its potential for drug discovery. Scientific review.
Berberine Berberine isoquinoline alkaloid May damage bacterial membranes, inhibit efflux pumps, interfere with nucleic-acid and protein synthesis, and inhibit biofilm formation. Strong preclinical evidence and limited indication-specific clinical evidence. Poor oral bioavailability and drug interactions limit its use as a general antimicrobial. Berberine as a therapeutic alkaloid against ESKAPE and multidrug-resistant bacteria: a comprehensive review.
Cranberry extract
Vaccinium macrocarpon		 A-type proanthocyanidins Primarily reduces adhesion of uropathogenic bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, to urinary epithelial cells. May reduce recurrent urinary tract infections in selected populations. It is preventive rather than a reliable treatment for an active UTI. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Cranberry—Usefulness and Safety.
Probiotics
Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces boulardii 		Live microorganisms; effects are strain-specific Competitive exclusion of pathogens, production of bacteriocins, inhibition of pathogen adhesion and restoration of microbiome function. Some human evidence for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and selected gastrointestinal or vaginal indications. Results cannot be generalized from one strain to another. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: Probiotics—Health Professional Fact Sheet.
Medical-grade honey / Manuka honey Methylglyoxal, hydrogen peroxide, defensin-1, organic acids and high osmolarity Broad topical antibacterial and antibiofilm activity; also supports autolytic debridement and wound healing. Clinically relevant primarily as a standardized, medical-grade topical wound product. Ordinary food honey is not equivalent. Jull AB et al. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane systematic review.
Oregano oil
Origanum vulgare		 Carvacrol and thymol Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity, largely through disruption of microbial membranes. Strong laboratory activity, but inadequate human evidence for oral treatment of infections. Concentrated oil can cause irritation. Chemical composition, biological activity and potential uses of oregano and oregano essential oil: a review.
Thyme
Thymus vulgaris		 Thymol and carvacrol Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity through membrane damage and altered microbial permeability. Better established as a constituent of topical antiseptic and oral-care formulations than as an oral treatment for systemic infection. PubMed literature: thyme, thymol and antimicrobial activity.
Tea tree oil
Melaleuca alternifolia		 Terpinen-4-ol and related monoterpenes Topical antibacterial and antifungal activity with some antiviral laboratory activity. Some clinical evidence for topical acne and fungal skin conditions. Tea tree oil is toxic when swallowed and may cause contact dermatitis. Carson CF et al. Melaleuca alternifolia oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.
Echinacea
Echinacea species		 Alkamides, caffeic-acid derivatives, polysaccharides and glycoproteins Primarily immunomodulatory; relatively weak and inconsistent direct antimicrobial activity. Evidence for preventing or shortening respiratory infections is inconsistent and preparation-dependent. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Echinacea—Usefulness and Safety.
Elderberry
Sambucus nigra		 Anthocyanins, flavonols and phenolic acids Antiviral effects have been reported in cell-culture and preclinical studies, including interference with viral entry or replication. Small human trials have examined respiratory symptoms, but evidence remains insufficient to establish treatment of influenza or other viral infections. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Elderberry.
Curcumin / turmeric
Curcuma longa		 Curcumin and related curcuminoids Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antibiofilm activity through multiple membrane, enzyme and signalling effects. Predominantly laboratory evidence. Poor aqueous solubility and low systemic bioavailability are major clinical limitations. Moghadamtousi SZ et al. A review on antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity of curcumin.
Ginger
Zingiber officinale		 Gingerols, shogaols and zingerone Antibacterial and antifungal activity, including possible inhibition of microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. Primarily laboratory evidence; there is little direct clinical evidence that ginger supplements treat infections. PubMed literature: ginger, gingerols and antimicrobial activity.
Clove
Syzygium aromaticum		 Eugenol and eugenyl acetate Antibacterial, antifungal and local antiseptic activity, principally through membrane and protein disruption. Relevant mainly to topical, food-preservation and dental applications. Evidence for systemic infection treatment is insufficient. PubMed literature: clove, eugenol and antimicrobial activity.
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum species		 Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and cinnamic acid derivatives Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity; may alter microbial membranes and quorum-sensing pathways. Predominantly laboratory evidence. Cassia cinnamon can contribute substantial coumarin exposure when consumed in concentrated amounts. PubMed literature: cinnamon, cinnamaldehyde and antimicrobial activity.
Neem
Azadirachta indica		 Nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, azadirachtin and other limonoids Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antibiofilm effects have been reported. Some topical and dental research exists, but systemic clinical evidence is inadequate. Oral neem preparations have important safety concerns. PubMed literature: Azadirachta indica and antimicrobial activity.
Black seed
Nigella sativa		 Thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone and related volatile compounds Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and possible antiviral activity. Considerable laboratory research but limited, heterogeneous clinical evidence for infectious diseases. PubMed literature: Nigella sativa, thymoquinone and antimicrobial activity.
Green tea extract
Camellia sinensis		 Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and other catechins Antibacterial, antiviral and antibiofilm activity; may damage membranes, inhibit microbial enzymes and enhance some antibiotics. Some localized oral-health evidence, but limited evidence for treating systemic infections. Concentrated extracts may cause liver injury in susceptible individuals. PubMed literature: EGCG, green tea and antimicrobial activity.
Licorice root
Glycyrrhiza species		 Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin and other flavonoids Antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal effects have been reported in laboratory and preclinical studies. Limited clinical antimicrobial evidence. Glycyrrhizin can cause hypertension, hypokalemia, fluid retention and clinically important drug interactions. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Licorice Root.
Andrographis
Andrographis paniculata		 Andrographolide and related diterpenoid lactones Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and possible antiviral or antibacterial activity. Some evidence for modest symptom reduction in uncomplicated respiratory infections, but this does not establish direct pathogen eradication. PubMed literature: Andrographis and respiratory infections.
Pelargonium sidoides Proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids and oxygenated coumarin derivatives Possible antiviral, antibacterial anti-adhesive and immunomodulatory activity. Some human evidence for modest symptom improvement in acute bronchitis and selected respiratory infections. It is not a substitute for antibiotics when bacterial treatment is indicated. Timmer A et al. Pelargonium sidoides extract for acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane systematic review.
Monolaurin
Glycerol monolaurate		 Monolaurin, a monoester derived from lauric acid May disrupt lipid membranes and interfere with signalling or virulence in certain bacteria and enveloped viruses. Predominantly laboratory and animal evidence. There is insufficient clinical evidence to recommend oral monolaurin for infections. PubMed literature: glycerol monolaurate and antimicrobial activity.
Caprylic acid Octanoic acid, an eight-carbon medium-chain fatty acid Antifungal and membrane-disrupting activity, particularly against Candida species, has been reported in vitro. Insufficient human evidence for treating candidiasis or systemic fungal infection. Marketing claims commonly exceed the evidence. PubMed literature: caprylic acid and Candida.
Olive leaf extract
Olea europaea		 Oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and elenolic-acid derivatives Antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity has been observed in laboratory studies. Preliminary evidence only; clinical trials have not established it as a treatment for infectious disease. PubMed literature: olive leaf, oleuropein and antimicrobial activity.
Goldenseal
Hydrastis canadensis		 Hydrastine, canadine and berberine Extracts and individual alkaloids show antibacterial activity in laboratory studies. There is no good clinical evidence that goldenseal treats human infections. Product composition, absorption and drug interactions are important limitations. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Goldenseal.
Sweet wormwood / artemisinin
Artemisia annua 		Artemisinin and related sesquiterpene lactones Artemisinin derivatives are potent antimalarial agents. Additional antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasitic effects are being studied. Artemisinin-based combination therapies are established medicines, not ordinary supplements. Herbal preparations should not replace standardized malaria treatment because dose variability can promote treatment failure and resistance. World Health Organization: Guidelines for malaria.

Evidence interpretation

  • Clinical evidence: Effects have been studied in human participants, but usually for a specific preparation, route, dose and indication.
  • Preclinical evidence: Activity has mainly been demonstrated in cell culture, microbial cultures or animal models.
  • Anti-adhesive or probiotic activity: The product may reduce colonization or pathogen attachment without directly killing the microorganism.
  • Topical evidence: Results from topical use cannot be assumed to apply to an orally administered supplement.


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
6461- 1,8-Cin,    1,8-cineole (eucalyptol): A versatile phytochemical with therapeutic applications across multiple diseases
- Review, AD, NA - Review, Var, NA
*Inflam↓, long history of use in traditional medicine and exhibits an array of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, analgesic, and pro-apoptotic effects.
*antiOx↑,
*neuroP↑, recent studies have highlighted the neuroprotective, analgesic, and pro-apoptotic properties of 1,8-cineole, underscoring its potential beneficial role in a broad spectrum of conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, neuropathic pain, and cancer
*BioAv↑, Marked by a logP value of 2.74, 1,8-cineole strikes an optimal equilibrium between solubility and permeability, hinting at its favorable potential for oral bioavailability
*Half-Life↝, In rabbits, oral administration of 200 mg/kg has led to rapid attainment of peak plasma concentration within 1 h, indicating efficient absorption
*toxicity↓, compound’s toxicity profile, the oral acute LD50 value in rats is documented at 2480 mg/kg body weight
*PGE2↓, 1,8-cineole decreased the release of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in asthmatic patients, and reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, LTB4, and thromboxane B2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood
*TNF-α↓,
*IL1β↓,
*NO↓, 1,8-cineole hindered LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse macrophage cell lines
*NF-kB↓, inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and PPARγ, leading to the suppression of immune response genes.
*PPARγ↓,
COX2/PTGS2↓, ,8-cineole has been found to impede UVB-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA production in HaCaT cells
*ROS↓, 1,8-cineole’s antioxidant properties play a crucial role in its therapeutic potential, as it is effective in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS)
*SOD↑, 1,8-cineole treatment enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), increased total antioxidant capacity, and decreased ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA)
*Catalase↑,
*TAC↑,
*MDA↓,
*lipid-P↓, 1,8-cineole has demonstrated the ability to inhibit LP
*NRF2↑, The antioxidant activity of 1,8-cineole is mediated, in part, by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 system
*HO-1↑, increased expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant proteins, such as heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NOQ1)
*NADPH↑,
*GPx↑, 1,8-cineole treatment has been shown to enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, GPx, and CAT,
*AntiBio↑, Antibacterial properties: activity, synergy with antibiotics, and impact on biofilm formation and cell morphology
*eff↑, Although 1,8-cineole exhibited weaker bactericidal activity than commonly used antibiotics such as gentamicin and amoxicillin (AMX)/clavulanic acid, it significantly reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics when used in combination
*AntiFungal↑, Antifungal properties: inhibition of fungal growth and disruption of biofilm formation
*AntiViral↑, Antiviral properties: inhibition of viral replication and enhancement of antiviral responses
*TRPA1↑, 1,8-cineole could activate TRPA1 channels in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG),
eff↑, when combined with simvastatin, increased G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and sensitized cells to apoptosis
TumCCA↑, 1,8-cineole induced G0/G1 arrest and senescence in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress and various signaling pathways such as MAPK, AMPK, and Akt/mTOR
ROS↑,
MAPK↝,
mTOR↝,
Apoptosis↑, HCT116 and RKO human colon cancer cell lines, 1,8-cineole selectively promoted apoptosis rather than necrosis
survivin↓, This process was linked to survivin and Akt inactivation, along with p38 activation.
Akt↓,
p38↑,
cl‑PARP↑, triggered subsequent cleavage of PARP and caspase-3, resulting in apoptosis.
cl‑Casp3⇅,
P53↑, increasing p53 expression, as well as the expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax/Bcl-2, Cyt-c, caspase-9, and caspase-3)
BAX↑,
Cyt‑c↑,
Casp9↑,
Dose↝, efficacious concentrations of 1,8-cineole reported for inhibiting in vitro cancer cell proliferation range from micromolar [135], [136] to millimolar (mM)
*Aβ↓, 1,8-cineole in rat PC12 cells (pheochromocytoma cells) demonstrated effective mitigation of the Aβ induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress
*tau↓, 1,8-cineole has shown the ability to modulate tau phosphorylation by suppressing GSK-3β activity and to reduce Aβ production by inhibiting beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1), both in vitro and in vivo
*GSK‐3β↓,
*BACE/β-secretase↓,
*cardioP↑, 1,8-cineole enhanced cell viability, inhibited cardiac hypertrophy, attenuated cardiac remodeling, improved cardiac function, and decreased the concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in rat hearts
MFN2↑, 1,8-cineole was also found to inhibit the activation of dynamin-related protein 1 and promote mitochondrial fusion by increasing MFN2.

6763- AL,    Revealing the Therapeutic Uses of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Its Potential for Drug Discovery
- Review, Nor, NA
*Inflam↓, It has anti-inflammatory, rheumatological, ulcer inhibiting, anticholinergic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antistress, antidiabetes, anticancer, liver protection, anthelmintics, antioxidants, antifungal, and wound healing propertie
*AntiBio↑,
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*antiOx↑,
*AntiFungal↑,
*Wound Healing↑,
*other↑, Garlic has a higher concentration of sulfur compounds (allicin, diallyl disulfide, S-allylcysteine, and diallyl trisulfide), which are responsible for its therapeutic properties.
*BP↓, Garlic consumption lowers blood pressure, inhibits atherosclerosis, decreases serum cholesterol and triglycerides, suppresses platelet aggregation, and increases fibrinolytic activity, among other things
*LDL↓,
*AntiAg↑,
*cognitive↑, Garlic can also aid in preventing cognitive decline by shielding neurons from neurotoxicity and apoptosis, which helps to prevent ischemia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and neuronal death while also boosting learning and memory retention
*memory↑,
Risk↑, People who consumed more garlic had a 54% decreased risk of pancreatic cancer than those who consumed fewer amounts of garlic
*COX1↓, Garlic supplements have been demonstrated to reduce cyclooxygenase activity and thromboxane A2 production, resulting in antiplatelet action
*TXA2↓,

6764- BBR,    Berberine as a therapeutic alkaloid against ESKAPE and multiple drug-resistant bacteria: a comprehensive review
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Although berberine exhibits remarkable in vitro antimicrobial activity, its very poor systemic bioavailability (< 1%) results in a more than 1000-fold PK-PD gap between achievable plasma levels and effective MIC values.
*BioAv↓,

6542- BSB,    Health Benefits, Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of α-Bisabolol
- Review, Var, NA - Review, Park, NA - Review, AD, NA
AntiCan↑, Numerous experimental studies demonstrated pharmacological properties of α-Bisabolol including anticancer, antinociceptive, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial.
*neuroP↑,
*cardioP↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*BioAv↑, Given the polypharmacological effects and pleiotropic properties, along with favorable pharmacokinetics, and dietary availability and safety, α-Bisabolol can be used as a dietary agent, nutraceutical or phytopharmaceutical agent or as an adjuvant wit
*toxicity↓,
*BioAv↑, integrated in many cosmetic formulations due to its skin soothing effects, well documented dermal absorption
*motorD↑, improvement in locomotor activity, a reduction in the expression of thiol and a reinstate of the activity of mitochondrial complex-I.
*SOD↑, α-Bisabolol also increased the mRNA level of antioxidants proteins such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the keap1 gene product.
*Catalase↑,
*Keap1↑,
*MDA↓, α-Bisabolol attenuated oxidative insult by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA), restoring depleted glutathione (GSH) and improving SOD and CAT activity.
*GSH↑,
*IL1β↓, attenuated neuroinflammation by reducing glial cells activation and subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and mediators (iNOS and COX-2).
*IL6↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*iNOS↓,
*COX2/PTGS2↓,
*lipid-P↓, α-Bisabolol restored mitochondrial function by preventing mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, cytochrome-C release and most importantly preserving Complex-I activity
*Cyt‑c↓,
*ROS↓, The study concluded that α-Bisabolol safeguarded against the induced upsurge of ROS and nitrite.
*MMP↑, α-Bisabolol treatment also restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) validating its antioxidant effect.
*antiOx↑,
*AChE↓, showed a significant reduction in AChE activity and an ability to avert Ach depletion.
*Apoptosis↓, α-Bisabolol protected cells from Aβ triggered apoptosis by reducing Bax and Caspase-3 and increasing Bcl-2 activity.
*BAX↓,
*Casp3↓,
*Bcl-2↑,
*BACE/β-secretase↓, α-Bisabolol inhibitory activity on BACE1 and found a decrease in BACE1 activity following α-Bisabolol treatment
*BChE↓, AChE, BuChE, β-secretase actions were decreased significantly in cells pretreated with α-Bisabolol
*eff↑, The compound clearly illustrated a potent anti-AchE activity of 95.869% similar to the activity of donepezil, a standard drug. I
*Aβ↓, The compound also disaggregated Aβ25–35 peptide and protected against its induced toxicity by increasing neuro2a cells viability [
*ATP↑, figure 2
RadioS↑, α-Bisabolol and Anticancer Effects, figure 3
Cyt‑c↑,
Casp3↑,
Casp8↑,
Casp9↑,
Apoptosis↑,
PARP↑,
BAX↑,
BID↑,
NF-kB↑,
Fas↑,
EGFR↑,
TIMP2↑,
XIAP↓,
COX2/PTGS2↓,
Bak↓,
Bcl-2↓,
P53↑, The expression of p53 (a transcription factors whose products might lead to apoptosis), NF-κB and Fas was increased following α-Bisabolol treatment, indicating their function in mediating α-Bisabolol-induced apoptosis in the cancer cell line.
HER2/EBBR2↓,
FGF↓,
CEA↓,
Akt↓,
TumCCA↑, α-Bisabolol suppresses the cellular proliferation at G2/M cell cycle phase.
*Imm↑, reported that α-Bisabolol boosted the immunity response by T-cell subsets (CD4 and CD8) supplementation in treated mice.
*CD4+↑,
*CD8+↑,
*BBB↑, ↑ BBB penetration
*Pain↓, α-Bisabolol based mouthwash to that of chlorhexidine in reducing pain during brushing
*cardioP↑, α-Bisabolol and Cardioprotection, figure 5
*TBARS↓, rats co-treated with α-Bisabolol showed reduced LOOH and TBARS and increased SOD, CAT and GSH.
*SOD↑,
*Catalase↑,
*GSH↑,
*AntiBio↑, α-Bisabolol demonstrated an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as a synergism against S. aureus, when combined with the antibiotic norfloxacin and against E. coli when combined with
*AntiFungal↑, ↓ fungal growth
*GastroP↑, α-Bisabolol and Gastroprotection. oral administration of α-Bisabolol was realized to attenuate gastric damage and to provide cytoprotection in stomach.
*RenoP↑, The nephroprotective effects of α-Bisabolol and the underlying mechanisms are summarized in Table 10.
*creat↓, ↓ creatinine, urea, uric acid
*uricA↓,
*Inflam↓, Anti-Inflammatory Effects of α-Bisabolol
*iNOS↓, ↓ iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, p65 PGE2, nitrite, IL-6, ↓ MMP13
*COX2/PTGS2↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*IL6↑,
*MMP13↓,

6544- BSB,    Involvement of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in alpha-bisabolol induced apoptosis
- in-vitro, GBM, NA
*Inflam↓, Alpha-bisabolol is known to have anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
*AntiBio↑,
selectivity↑, Alpha-bisabolol toxicity is clearly related to its cellular uptake, which is higher in transformed cell lines.
Apoptosis↑, a-bisabolol is able to kill by apoptosis human and mouse glioma cell lines such as U87, T67 and C6, which are highly resistant to common antitumor treatments.
Casp3↑, a-Bisabolol quickly induces caspase-3 activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage
cl‑PARP↑,
MMP↓, treatment of cells with a-bisabolol rapidly induces loss of mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential (DWm ) and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.
Cyt‑c↑,
MPT↑, treatment with a-bisabolol and could be mediated by mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening
ROS↑, Treatment with 5 lm a-bisabolol increases the ROS level in T67 cells
eff↓, this effect was counteracted by adding 10 mm N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC).
OCR↓, The decrease in oxygen consumption became more pronounced after 90 min of incubation
eff↑, a-Bisabolol toxicity is higher under aerobic metabolic conditions

6552- BSB,    Biochemical characterization of chamomile essential oil: Antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and neuroprotective activity and potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*TNF-α↓, (TNF-α), amyloid precursor protein (APP), amyloid beta (Aβ), caspase-3, & B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was significantly elevated due to the harmful effect of AlCl3; however, CCO downregulated these values,
*Aβ↓,
*Casp3↓,
*Bcl-2↓,
*neuroP↑, The brain histology of CCO-treated rats showed a significant reduction in neuronal degeneration and improved brain changes, and its histology was close to that of the control brain.
*antiOx↑, could be used as an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent for AD due to its considerable contents of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑, These compounds are responsible for many of the beneficial effects of chamomile essential oil, including its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and sedative properties (Petronilho et al., 2012);
*AChE↓, they also have an inhibiting effect on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities
*BChE↓,
Dose↝, main compounds in the GC–MS profile were α-Bisabolol, Camazulene, Bisabolol oxide A, 1,6-Dioxaspiro [4.4] non-3-ene, 2-(2,4-hexadiyn-1-ylidene) with contents of 26.1, 25.3, 27.8, and 25.2 % in CCO
Dose↝, we found that α-Pinene and Limonene were more distinct in plants than in the flower
Dose↝, The IC50 of CCO was 200 µg/mL compared to 400 µg/mL for Cisptalin.

6556- BSB,    A Comprehensive Study of Therapeutic Applications of Chamomile
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, AD, NA - Review, Park, NA - Review, Stroke, NA
*Inflam↓, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-allergic, anticancer, and anti-hypertensive agent
*antiOx↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*AntiCan↑,
*other↝, Two major species of chamomile widely used for health conditions are German chamomile (M. chamomilla L.) and Roman or English chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile syn. Anthemis nobilis L.) [6]
*toxicity↓, Chamomile is generally safe for consumption and is consumed as tea or tonic.
*Wound Healing↓, As a drug, it is useful in flatulence, colic, hysteria, intermittent fever, depression, ulcer, and wound healing
*Dose↝, The main constituents of the oil include terpenoids, mainly sesquiterpenes and α-bisabolol
*Dose↝, The major flavonoids present are apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, and luteolin in concentrations of 16.8%, 9.9%, 6.5%, and 1.9%, respectively, of course again depending on the species and cultivation.
*eff↝, The main components in German chamomile are terpenoid; α-bisabolol and its oxide azulenes, such as chamazulene (1–15%); and apigenin [12,16,17,18]. Roman chamomile, on the other hand, contains mainly angelic acid and tiglic acid esters
*ROS↓, e herb significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, with the most prominent effect witnessed at a dose of 1000 mg/mL.
*TNF-α↓, significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 was observed, which suggests anti-inflammatory activities.
*IL6↓,
*other↝, Chamomile, being a natural antioxidant, possesses the ability to scavenge free radicals and, thus, can be effective for the management of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cerebral ischemia
*AST↓, aqueous chamomile extracts reduced the levels of AST and ALT by 33–37%.
*ALAT↓,

6662- Cen,    Assessment report on Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, herba
- Review, Nor, NA
*cognitive↑, wound healing,ulcer-protective, psychoneuro-pharmacological (cognitive effects), antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulayory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, angiogenetic, antioxidant of the Centella extracts or asiaticosid
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑,
*Imm↑,
*antiOx↑,
*Wound Healing↑, Alcoholic Centella extracts when topically applied accelerate wound healing stimulating epithelisation and increasing the rate of wound contraction.
*cardioP↑, cardio protective effect of Centella asiatica on myocardial marker enzymes and antioxidant enzymes in adriamycin induced cardiomyopathy was inve
*SOD↑, (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST). Treatment with Centella asiatica (200 mg/kg of body wt/oral) extract significantly prevented these alterations and restored the enzyme activities to near normal levels
*Catalase↑,
*GPx↑,
*GSTs↑,
*MDA↓, lower MDA levels than did the other rats, which indicates decreased lipid peroxidation in these rats.
*lipid-P↓,
*ROS↓, Centella asiatica extract and powder may ameliorate H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation via alteration of the antioxidant defence system of the rats
*memory↑, Only the aqueous extract of whole plant (200 mg/kg for 14 days) showed an improvement in learning and memory of male Wistar rats
*GABA↑, The alcoholic Centella asiatica extract dose-dependently increased the GABA level in rats.
*antiPs↑, Centella asiatica extracts as a topical anti-psoriatic agent
*BioAv↝, After oral or subcutaneous administration of madecassoside, asiaticoside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid in rats, the bio-availability is varying between 30% and 50%, respectively.

6773- Cin,    Cinnamaldehyde in Focus: Antimicrobial Properties, Biosynthetic Pathway, and Industrial Applications
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, targeting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as various fungi, positions TCA as a potent natural antimicrobial agent.
*AntiFungal↓,
*AntiDiabetic↑, TCA demonstrates promising antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities
*Inflam↓,
*ROS↑, Antimicrobial: TCA has been shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) overload and oxidative stress
ROS↑, Anticancer Activity:TCA is associated with the increase in ROS and FE as a result of a reversible accumulation of cells in the G2/M cell cycle phases
TumCCA↑,

6770- CUR,    A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Antimicrobial activities for curcumin and rhizome extract of C. longa against different bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been reported.
*Bacteria↓, These results demonstrated promising antibacterial activity for different curcumin derivatives as well.
*AntiViral↑, Antiviral Activity
*BioAv↓, optimum potential of curcumin is limited because of poor oral bioavailability and insufficient solubility in aqueous solvents leading to poor absorption, fast metabolism, and quick systemic elimination
*Half-Life↓,

6663- DFE,    Nutraceuticals of Phoenix dactylifera L.: Physicochemistry, Nutritional Value and Therapeutic Potential
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, Date palm products are rich in carbohydrates, dietary fiber, essential minerals, and phenolic and flavonoid compounds, such as gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, and ferulic acid, which underpin their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑, Experimental studies further suggest potential antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-arthritic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and gastroprotective effects.
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*AntiCan↑,
*AntiArt↑, biosynthesized AgNPs derived from date seed extracts has been reported to exhibit anti-arthritic activity in experimental models
*neuroP↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*GastroP↑,
*other↝, The mineral composition of date palm fruits (Table 6) reveals potassium as the most abundant mineral, followed by magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus.
*cardioP↑, This mineral profile supports the use of date palm fruit as a functional food for cardiovascular health, particularly in individuals with hypertension, due to its high potassium and low sodium content.
*cognitive↑, Multiple preclinical studies provided evidence that these compounds may enhance brain health and cognitive performance by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory mediators, thus alleviating memory impairments and inflammation.
*ROS↓,
*memory↑, reported that date palm extracts were associated with improvements in memory performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and preservation of neuronal morphology, particularly in the CA1 region of the hippocampus
*other↝, numerous literature have reported that both date fruit and seed extracts may alleviate oxidative stress, subsequently exerting anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and metabolic regulatory effects through modulation of related signaling pathways.
*SOD↑, Date fruit extract treatment was also found to restore antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and elevated glutathione (GSH) levels, further strengthening its proposed protective role against oxidative
*Catalase↑,
*GSH↑,
*GA↑, rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, quercetin, apigenin, caffeic acid, rutin, and lutein,
*Catechins↑,
*FA↑,
*QC↑,
Api↑,
*CA↑,
*Imm↑, Phoenix dactylifera L. extracts have also been reported to enhance immune function. The high polyphenol content in Phoenix dactylifera L. has been shown to stimulate immune responses
*Phen↑,
*IL1β↓, downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, COX-1, and COX-2, in middle-aged women following chronic consumption of date seed
*TGF-β↓,
*COX1↓,
*COX2/PTGS2↓,
TumCP↓, Phoenix dactylifera L. aqueous-ethanolic extract demonstrated antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities against human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7)
Casp3↑, seed extracts demonstrated pro-apoptotic effects via caspase-3 activation in MDA‑MB‑231 cells
TumMeta↓, exhibited antiproliferative effects against U87 glioblastoma and MDA‑MB‑231 cells, along with significant inhibition of cell adhesion and migration, indicating potential anti-metastatic properties.
*GutMicro↑, It was suggested that daily consumption of dates may provide fermentable substrates for gut microbiota, thereby reducing toxic protein-derived metabolites.

6668- DFE,  AgNPs,    Saponin-Derived Silver Nanoparticles from Phoenix dactylifera (Ajwa Dates) Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Bioactivities Combating Bacterial Infections
- in-vitro, Lung, A549
*AntiBio↑, The biosynthesized AgNPs-S exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria due to their capability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and the leakage of nucleic acid and protein contents.
antiOx↑, Furthermore, the AgNPs-S demonstrated significant antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and cytotoxicity against small lung cancer cells (A549 cells).
TumCD↑,
ROS↑, Furthermore, AgNPs can also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, which are capable of inducing DNA damage
DNAdam↑,
*Catalase↑, AgNPs can actively stimulate the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which assist in the reduction of oxidative stress and the conservation of cellular homeostasis
*GPx↑,
*SOD↑,
*ROS↓,

6715- dietF,    Are Fermented Foods Effective against Inflammatory Diseases?
- Review, Nor, NA
*Imm↑, Fermented foods containing probiotic bacteria and fungi can enhance the immune system, improve gastrointestinal health, and lower the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.
*GastroP↑,
*Inflam↓,
AntiCan↑, Kombucha tea possesses anticancer, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective properties
*AntiBio↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*CD4+↑, Kombucha consumption also reduced inflammation by increasing polarization of CD4+ T cells (by induction of IL-4 and TGF-β) and by inhibiting IFN-γ and IL-17
*IFN-γ↓,
*IL17↓,
*GutMicro↑, Kombucha intake also promoted the growth of butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut that exert anti-inflammatory effects
*antiOx↑, fermented turmeric demonstrated stronger antioxidative activity than raw turmeric.
*AST↓, After 5 days of fermentation with Bacillus natto, fermented turmeric dramatically decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in contrast to unfermented turmeric.
*ALAT↓,
*HDL↑, After fermentation, there was a considerable rise in HDL cholesterol and a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol [45].
*LDL↓,
*ROS↓, Kimchi has also demonstrated potent radical scavenging and antioxidant activity in vitro, enhancing LLC-PK1 cell viability by protection against lipid peroxidation.
*lipid-P↓,
*Inflam↓, The anti-inflammatory properties of sauerkraut LAB were emphasized in a randomized, double-blinded pilot study on 34 Norwegian inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) patients.
*Aβ↓, Mice fed with doenjang-infused high-fat feed had reduced β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neuroinflammatory gene levels, further reinforcing the protective effect of fermented soy on the aging brain

6778- EGCG,    The antimicrobial possibilities of green tea
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, ECG, EGC, and EGCG have been shown to have antimicrobial effects against a variety of organisms.
*Bacteria↓, Green tea has been shown to have antimicrobial effects against a variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp.), some fungi (e.g., Candida albicans), and a varie

6783- EGCG,    Absorption, metabolism, bioactivity, and biotransformation of epigallocatechin gallate
- Review, Nor, NA
*antiOx↑, variety of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial activities.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiCan↑,
*Bacteria↓,
*AntiBio↑,
*BioAv↓, However, the poor bioavailability of EGCG restricts its use
*GutMicro↑, This review provides a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of EGCG and its metabolites for improving the gut microbiota and physiological health.

6784- EGCG,    Dietary (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): State-of-the-Art Advances in Bioactivities, Bioavailability Enhancement Strategies, and Applications in Nutrition and Health
- Review, Nor, NA
*antiOx↑, bioactivities of EGCG, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, metabolic regulatory, neuroprotective, gut microbiota-modulating, and antimicrobial properties.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiCan↑,
*cardioP↑,
*neuroP↑,
*GutMicro↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*ROS↓, Figure 1, anti inflammatory
*TNF-α↓,
*IL6↓,
TumCP↓,
*LDL↓, cardioprotective
*NO↓,
*Obesity↓, Metabolic syndrome
*p‑tau↓, nervous system
*Aβ↓,
*NRF2↑, , EGCG has been shown to activate the Keap1/P62/Nrf2 signaling pathway,
*SOD↑, upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, indirectly diminishing the levels of intracellular oxygen free radicals
*Catalase↑,
*GPx↑,
*NLRP3↓, EGCG also restores autophagy levels, suppresses the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway
*mTOR↓,
TumCCA↑, Cancer: induce cell cycle arrest and inhibit tumor cell proliferation
NRF2↓, EGCG inhibits CCL5-stimulated lung cancer cell proliferation by down-regulating Nrf2 expression
Apoptosis↑, Inducing Apoptosis in Cancer Cells
SIRT1↓, EGCG activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by downregulating SIRT1 expression to modulate the SIRT1-p53 axis
miR-25-5p↓, In breast cancer, EGCG induces apoptosis by inhibiting miR-25 expression and elevating PARP, pre-caspase-3 and pre-caspase-9 protein levels
PARP↑,
Casp3↑,
Casp9↑,
ER Stress↑, in multiple myeloma, EGCG promotes apoptosis by activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway
TumAuto↑, EGCG induces autophagic cell death in breast cancer cells by retaining YAP1 in the cytoplasm and promoting the assembly of the CHMP2B-VPS4B complex
EMT↓, EGCG has been demonstrated to inhibit EMT, invasion, and migration by blocking the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway
TumCI↓,
TumCMig↓,
TGF-β↓,
Smad1↓,
STAT3↓, EGCG can directly bind to STAT3, reducing nuclear localization and inhibiting the transcription of PLXNC1.
VEGF↓, widely believed that EGCG can block this process by reducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, a key factor in angiogenesis,
angioG↓, The inhibition of angiogenic mimicry by EGCG through the Twist/VE-calmodulin/AKT pathway has also been demonstrated in prostate cancer cells
Imm↑, Acting as an Immunomodulator
EGFR↓, EGCG possesses the ability to interact with EGFR and inhibit activity, strengthening the anticancer evidence for EGCG
*GutMicro↑, EGCG can regulate the balance of gut flora. For example, EGCG can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, while promoting the proliferation of probiotics like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus
*Bacteria↓, Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of EGCG
*AntiViral↑,
*BioAv↓, EGCG, its low bioavailability in the human body limits clinical efficacy.
*BioAv↑, Nanotechnology strategy of EGCG.
*eff↑, Co-encapsulation assay of EGCG with quercetin shows that the two synergistically enhanced the antioxidant capacity of EGCG
*BioAv↑, Combining EGCG with resveratrol increases its solubility and significantly improves its absorption in the small intestine.
eff↑, combination of EGCG and curcumin inhibits the activity of metabolic enzymes, reduces the rate of metabolism in the liver and enhances its antitumor efficacy
ChemoSen↑, synergistic effects of EGCG combined with chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil, celecoxib, cisplatin, and tamoxifen have also been reported
*toxicity↝, The European Food Safety Authority notes in scientific opinion that daily oral doses of 800 mg or higher of EGCG represent a common starting point for observed cases of liver injury

6814- EMD,    Emodin: A Review of its Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics
- Review, Nor, NA
AntiCan↑, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
*hepatoP↑,
*Inflam↑,
*antiOx↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*BioAv↓, Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that emodin has poor oral bioavailability in rats because of its extensive glucuronidation.
*AntiViral↑, pharmacological effects, such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti‐allergic, anti‐osteoporotic, anti‐diabetic, immunosuppressive, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective activities.
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*neuroP↑,
CSCs↓, Emodin effectively blocked the self‐renewal activity of glioma stem cells by suppressing crucial stemness signalling pathways involving Notch‐1, b‐catenin and STAT3.
NOTCH↓,
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
STAT3↓,
TumCCA↑, that cells in G2/M phase increased significantly and that the proportion of S‐phase cells gradually declined
*TNF-α↓, inhibiting the serum expression levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐1β
IL6↓,
IL1β↓,
*MMP9↓, emodin treatment effectively inhibited allergen‐induced inflammation by reducing the Th2 immune response, suppressing MMP‐9 expression and inducing HO‐1 expression in a murine model of asthma
*HO-1↑,
cMyc↓, Emodin strongly inhibits the expression of proteins and genes, such as C‐MYC, MCL1, CCND1, CK2, IKK2, PKC, TGF‐β1, Smad4 and Bcl‐2/Bax.
Mcl-1↓,

6815- EMD,    NMR-based Metabolomic Techniques Identify the Toxicity of Emodin in HepG2 Cells
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
AntiCan↑, The pharmacological effects of emodin include anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and even antimicrobial activities.
*hepatoP↑,
*Inflam↓,
*antiOx↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*toxicity↝, However, emodin also has been reported to induce hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity.
tumCV↓, Emodin inhibited viability and HepG2 cell proliferation
TumCP↓,
Apoptosis↑, After 12 h and 24 h of exposure, emodin was found to induce HepG2 cells apoptosis
ALAT↓, decreased concentrations of 2-hydroxybutyrate, 2-oxoglutarate, alanine, creatine phosphate, glucose, glutathione, glutamine, glycine, isocitrate, N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylglutamine, proline, UDP-glucuronate, ATP,
glucose↓,
GSH↓,
ATP↓,

6772- Eug,    Antimicrobial activity of eugenol and essential oils containing eugenol: A mechanistic viewpoint
- Review, Nor, NA
*antiOx↑, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑, Eugenol has also shown excellent antimicrobial activity in studies, being active against fungi and a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
*Bacteria↓,
*AntiFungal↑,

6381- Eug,    Biological Properties and Prospects for the Application of Eugenol—A Review
- Review, Var, NA
*eff↑, Isoeugenol derivatives have become a popular subject of research due to their fungicidal and insecticidal properties, because they exhibit greater antimicrobial activity than eugenol
*BioAv↝, Eugenol is a clear to pale yellow liquid with an oily consistency and a spicy aroma. It is sparingly soluble in water and well soluble in organic solvents.
*BioAv↝, Eugenol has low chemical stability and is sensitive to oxidation and various chemical interactions. When orally administered, it is rapidly absorbed by various organs and metabolized in the liver.
*BioAv↑, encapsulation of eugenol seems to be the best solution to prevent early absorption, improve its water solubility, and, thus, increase its activity. eugenol delivered increases at least sixfold in infected cells when delivered as solid lipid NPs
*antiOx↑, Eugenol has demonstrated various antioxidant, analgesic, antimutagenic, anti-platelet, antiallergic, anti-swelling, and anti-inflammatory properties.
*AntiAg↑,
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑, It has also displayed antimicrobial effects against many human pathogens, including a wide group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi and a number of parasites
*MAOA↓, Eugenol is a popular antioxidant and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, and it is also known to exhibit neuroprotective properties
*neuroP↑,
*ROS↓, Eugenol is known to scavenge free radicals, inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species, prevent the production of reactive forms of nitrogen
*RNS↓,
*eff↑, The study on eugenol showed that this compound has synergistic activity with various antibiotics, such as vancomycin, penicillin, ampicillin, and erythromycin, and the combination of these compounds allowed a reduction in MIC values of 5–1000 times
NF-kB↓, killing cancer cells. The molecular mechanism is believed to include various stages: inhibiting NF-κB activation, downregulating prostaglandin synthesis, reducing cyclooxygenase-2 activity,
PGE2↓,
COX2/PTGS2↓,
TumCCA↑, inducing cell cycle arrest in the S phase, and causing apoptotic cell death by lowering inflammatory cytokine levels
Apoptosis↑,
TumCMig↓, even a low dose of eugenol interfered with the migration and invasion of carcinogenic cells, inhibited lung cancer cell viability,
TumCI↓,
tumCV↓,
PI3K↓, blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway (an intracellular signaling pathway involved in cell cycle regulation) and inhibiting MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) activity
Akt↓,
MMPs↓,
ChemoSen↑, eugenol is believed to enhance the inhibition of breast cancer stem cells by cisplatin by inhibiting the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH)
ALDH↓,
*Pain↓, Eugenol is a popular painkiller and anesthetic used in dental practice.
*VGSC↓, It has been found to inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) in the primary supply neurons of the teeth in various studies, including one based on a rat model
*IL1β↓, It is also known to be an inhibitor of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β and IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), expression of inducible oxide nitrate synthase (iNOS)
*IL6↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*iNOS↓,
*5LO↓, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and leukotriene C4 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)
*chemoPv↑, eugenol dimers have shown chemopreventive properties by inhibiting cytokine expression in macrophages

6380- Eug,    Bioactivity of Eugenol: A Potential Antibiotic Adjuvant with Minimal Ecotoxicological Impact
- in-vitro, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Combining commercial antibiotics with adjuvants to lower their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is vital in combating antimicrobial resistance.
*eff↑, Our findings indicate that eugenol significantly reduces MICs by 75 to 98%, which means that it could be a potent adjuvant.

6873- FA,    Ferulic acid: extraction, estimation, bioactivity and applications for human health and food
- Review, Nor, NA
*Inflam↓, This abundant phenolic compound exhibits significant antioxidant capacity and a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects, including anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, cardiovascular and neuroprotective activities.
*AntiBio↑,
AntiCan↑,
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*cardioP↑,
*neuroP↑,
*ROS↓, FA is also a sports supplement that helps to remove oxidative stress from muscle tissue during fatigue.
*antiOx↑, FA has been shown to have powerful antioxidant effects.
*AGEs↓, The production of advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) and xanthine oxidase activity was reduced by the use of FA
*Catalase↑, reduce ROS levels, boost (CAT) and SOD levels, and improve HEK293 cell viability.
*SOD↑,

7028- GA,    Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases
- Review, Nor, NA
*toxicity↓, Promisingly, toxicity studies have shown that GA scarcely has obvious toxicity or side effects in a variety of animal experiments and clinical trials.
*Inflam↓, anti-inflammatory mechanisms of GA mainly involved MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
*NF-kB↓,
AntiTum↑, GA also has several evident pharmacological effects including anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-microbial and anti-myocardial ischemia
Bacteria↓,
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*Obesity↓,
*AntiBio↑,
*Stroke↓,
*NO↓, GA could inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators nitrite, NO, PGE2 and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner
*PGE2↓,
*IL6↓,
*MAPK↓, GA inhibits the activities of NF-κB and MAPK, subsequently inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β/6), chemokines (CCL-2, ICAM-1, TIMP-1)
*TNF-α↓,
*IL1β↓,
*MCP1/CCL2↓,
*ICAM-1↓,
*TIMP1↓,

7069- GABA,    United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Safety Review of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
- Review, Nor, NA
*toxicity↓, Data showed no serious adverse events associated with GABA at intakes up to 18 g/d for 4 days and in longer studies at intakes of 120 mg/d for 12 weeks.
*BP↓, GABA was associated with a transient and moderate drop in blood pressure (<10% change). intake of 80 mg/day of GABA was associated with a significant reduction of the BP in adults with mild hypertension, and no adverse effects were reported.
*AntiDiabetic↑, other biological activities, which include anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, and anti-allergy effects
*AntiCan↑,
*antiOx↑,
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑,
*other↝, GABA is a popular ingredient in sports dietary supplements and other wellness dietary supplements.
*cognitive↑, The NNHPD monograph for Cognitive Function Products recommends a daily intake of 50–3000 mg GABA that does not exceed 750 mg per single dose; it also says to consult a healthcare practitioner for use of products providing 300 mg/day or more when GABA
*GH↑, GABA has been reported to increase serum GH levels and has been considered an ergogenic aid. Many sports supplements include GABA as an ingredient.
*Sleep↑, insomnia improved more with 300 mg of GABA compared to 150 mg
*BioAv↑, GABA was rapidly absorbed (Tmax: 0.5~1 h)
*Half-Life↝, with a half-life of 5 h.
*BBB↓, very low amounts of GABA cross from the plasma into the brain through the BBB even when GABA is exogenously administered orally or intravenously
*eff↑, GABA and L-theanine had a synergistic effect on the sleep behavior of mice

7101- Geld,    Reactive oxygen species mediate hepatotoxicity induced by the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin and its analogs
- in-vitro, Nor, NA
*toxicity↑, These results suggest that hepatotoxicity exhibited by the Hsp90 inhibitors belonging to benzoquinone ansamycins could be attributed to superoxide.
*AntiBio↑, Geldanamycin (GM), a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic, is a natural product inhibitor of Hsp90 with potent and broad anti-cancer properties.
HSP90↓,
AntiCan↑,

6562- Ger,    Potential Effects of Geraniol on Cancer and Inflammation-Related Diseases: A Review of the Recent Research Findings
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA
*Inflam↓, wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities.
*AntiCan↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*antiOx↑,
*neuroP↑,
ROS↓, GNL scavenges free radicals and preserves the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Apoptosis↑, GNL induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, modulates multiple molecular targets, including p53 and STAT3, activates caspases, and modulates inflammation via transcriptional regulation.
TumCCA↑,
P53↝,
STAT3↓, GNL reduces survivin protein levels by downregulating phosphorylated STAT3.
Casp↝,
*Catalase↑, This compound protects various antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase.
*GSTs↑,
*GPx↑,
*AChE↓, In addition, GNL suppressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and alleviated oxidative stress by boosting neuronal reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities.
*GSH↑,
*SOD↑,
*TBARS↓, It lowered malondialdehyde concentration (TBARS), nitric oxide (NO), and xanthine oxidase (XO), and restored the structural damage to the brain tissue caused by HFD.
*NO↓,
*XO↓,
*memory↑, GNL boosted learning and memory function and ameliorated the inflammation status in the brain by lowering the protein levels of IL-1β, iNOS, NF-κBp65, and COX-2
*IL1β↓,
*iNOS↓,
*NF-kB↓,
*COX2/PTGS2↓,
*NRF2↑, GNL administration ameliorated renal function, alleviated histological changes, and enhanced Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO-1 with a subsequent intensification of antioxidant enzyme activities.
*HO-1↑,
*survivin↓, GNL reduces survivin protein levels by downregulating phosphorylated STAT3.
TumCP↓, They have shown that GNL treatment significantly suppressed oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in a time- and dose-dependent manner.
TumCMig↓,
TumCG↑,
selectivity↑, GNL may be helpful in treating different types of malignancy, while having limited effects on normal cells.
TumMeta↓, GNL has been reported to inhibit cancer metastasis and angiogenesis.
angioG↓,
Hif1a↓, A549 lung cancer cells treated with GNL, downregulation of HIF-1alpha, a VEGF regulator, occurred
Beclin-1↓, GNL also decreases autophagy through downregulation of BNIP3 and beclin-1 expression, which increases apoptotic cell death through HIF-1α signaling.

7260- Gink,    Ginkgetin: A natural biflavone with versatile pharmacological activities
- Review, Var, NA - Review, Stroke, NA - Review, AD, NA
*AntiCan↑, Ginkgetin (GK), a natural non-toxic biflavone, has been shown to exhibit anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-adipogenic, and neuroprotective activities.
*Inflam↓,
*AntiBio↑,
*neuroP↑,
*TumCCA↑, GK combats cancer progression by arresting cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, stimulating autophagy, and targeting many deregulated signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT and MAPKs.
Apoptosis↑,
TumAuto↑,
iNOS↓, GKhalts inflammation mediators like interleukins, iNOS, COX-2, PGE2, NF-κB, and acts as an inhibitor of PLA2
COX2/PTGS2↓,
PGE2↓,
NF-kB↓,
PLA2↓,
*neuroP↑, GK shows strong neuroprotection against oxidative stress-promoted cell death, inhibits cerebral micro-hemorrhage, decreases neurologic deficits, and halts apoptosis of neurons
*Stroke↓, in cerebral ischemia rat model, GK significantly improved I/R-stimulated neurological deficit scores
*AntiFungal↓, GK also acts as anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, leishmanicidal and anti-plasmodial agent.
*Bacteria↓,
Bcl-xL↓, steosarcoma cells, GK significantly suppressed the levels of B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins while significantly elevated levels of caspase-9 and -3 along with cleaved poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP)
Bcl-2↓,
Casp9↑,
Casp3↑,
cl‑PARP↑,
IL6↓, GK selectively repressed the proliferation of prostate tumor via repressing interleukin 6 (IL-6)-induced as well as constitutive activation of STAT3
STAT3↓,
JAK1↓, GK abrogated the constitutive activation of both Src and JAK1 kinases which in turn halted STAT3 activation in FaDu and A549 cells.
survivin↓, suppressed its target genes including survivin, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 (IAP-1), Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and -9)
COX2/PTGS2↓,
IAP1↓,
MMP2↓,
MMP9↓,
PTEN↑, GK prompted the mRNA and protein expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and SHP-1 which also paly role in STAT3 activation
SHP1↑,
eff↑, When GK is applied in combination with resveratrol, they synergistically act to suppress endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as compared to mono drug
TumVol↓, GK decreased the weight and volume of tumor by 67.4% and 65.6%, respectively in the DU-145 xenografted mice model as compared to control and no toxic effect towards normal cells had been observed
TumW↓,
*toxicity↓,
*ROS↓, mediated neuronal cell damage in vitro by reducing intracellular ROS and maintaining MMP

7364- HibSad,    Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract induces anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects in ovarian cancer
- in-vitro, Ovarian, OVCAR-3
*Inflam↓, known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
*AntiBio↑,
*antiOx↑,
TumCMig↓, 2.8 mg IC50 value, with atypical nuclear morphology and reduced cell migration.
AKT1↓, Rosella crude extract influences ECM1 glycoprotein, AKT1, and Cyclin D1 suppressing colony-forming ability.
cycD1/CCND1↓,

7359- HibSad,    Novel Insight into the Cellular and Molecular Signalling Pathways on Cancer Preventing Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A Review - PubMed
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) plant, including anthocyanin, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, organic acids, caffeic acids, citric acids, protocatechuic acid, and others, extracts of this plant have been reported to have anti-cancer effects.
TumCP↓, These compounds have been shown to reduce cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and cause cell cycle arrest.
Apoptosis↑,
TumCCA↑,
P53↑, They also increase the expression levels of the cell cycle inhibitors (p53, p21, and p27) and the pro-apoptotic proteins (BAD, Bax, caspase 3, caspase 7, caspase 8, and caspase 9).
P21↑,
p27/CDKN1B↑,
BAD↑,
BAX↑,
Casp3↑,
Casp7↑,
Casp8↑,
Casp9↑,
*AntiBio↑, Anti-microbial effect
*Inflam↓, Anti-inflammatory effect
*antiOx↑, In calyces of HS, compounds such as anthocyanins have antioxidant properties
*BP↓, The tea made from the HS leaves effectively lowers the blood pressure level in patients because of the presence of phytochemicals that induce systemic vasodilation along
*AntiDiabetic↑, calyces extract of HS can reduce the blood sugar level in diabetic patients
HDAC1↓, HS extract mediated inhibitory responses which were attributed to their inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs), specifically HDAC1 and HDAC3.
HDAC3↓,
tumCV↓, PCA dependently decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, enhanced DNA fragmentation, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential
LDL↓,
DNAdam↑,
MMP↓,
*Catalase↑, Ethanolic extract of the HS substantially increases the levels of the antioxidants CAT, SOD, GPx and reduced glutathione (GSH) in brain tissue, thus possessing significant antioxidant activity.
*SOD↑,
*GPx↑,
*GSH↑,
*antiOx↑,
*ROS↓, Anthocyanin in the extract of HS acts on the anti-oxidant system, and scavenges free radicals thus reducing damage to genomes of regular cells and the mutations, thus stopping tumor formation
TumCMig↓, PCA found in extract of HS inhibited cell migration and invasion to non-cytotoxic cells via down-regulation of the Ras/Akt/NF-κβ pathway and MMP-2 production [92].
TumCI↓,
selectivity↑,
RAS↓,
Akt↓,
NF-kB↓,
MMP2↓,
PI3K↓, decreasing PI3K, P-Akt protein, MMP expression, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xL proteins, and PCNA, cyclin A, D1, B1, and E.
Bcl-2↓,
Bcl-xL↓,
PCNA↓,
cycA1/CCNA1↓,
cycD1/CCND1↓,
cycE/CCNE↓,

7374- HOO,    Exploring Ozonated Vegetable Oils as Antimicrobial and Functional Agents in Food Systems: A Systematic Narrative Review
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Evidence shows that antimicrobial performance increases with oxidation level,
*eff↝, However, the application of gaseous ozone in food systems is constrained by its instability, short half-life, limited penetration into food matrices, and potential for inducing undesirable oxidative changes in lipids and other sensitive food componen
*Half-Life↝, Ozone typically has a 20–30 min of half-life in aqueous solutions at room temperature (not OIL)
*eff↑, At lower temperatures, ozone exhibits higher solubility and longer lifetime in the oil phase, f
*Phen↑, Obadi et al. [70] observed a significant increase in total phenolic content (from 6.09 to up to 19.77 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity after treatment, suggesting that ozone may disrupt cellular structures and release bound phenolic compounds.
*antiOx↑,
eff↝, Their study revealed that during short ozone contact times, higher amounts of TPC, 15.47 and 12.91 mg CE/g of extract appeared, whereas high ozonated exhibited the lowest amount of phenolics,
eff↝, double-edged process: while it can enhance antioxidant content and release valuable minor compounds under controlled conditions, excessive treatment promotes lipid oxidation, degradation of key nutrients such as α-tocopherol,

7371- HOO,    Phytochemical characterization of peanut oil and its ozonized form to explore biological activities in vitro
Dose↝, The peanut oil was exposed to ozone for five hours at flow rates ranging from 0 to 7 L/min to complete the ozonization process.
AntiBio↑, A significant enhancement in the antimicrobial activity of the crude oil was observed after ozonization.
antiOx↑, ozonization notably increased the oil’s antioxidant capacity with IC50 13.06 ± 0.6 µg/mL,
AntiCan↑, as well as its anticancer (IC50 was 7.31 ± 0.21 and 15.09 ± 0.37 µg/mL against colon carcinoma cells
selectivity↑, IC50 was 29.49 ± 2.03 and 24.68 ± 1.44 µg/mL against lung fibroblast normal cells

7528- HT,    Involvement of the PI3K/AKT Intracellular Signaling Pathway in the AntiCancer Activity of Hydroxytyrosol, a Polyphenol from Olea europaea, in Hematological Cells and Implication of HSP60 Levels in Its Anti-Inflammatory Activity
- NA, NA, Jurkat - NA, NA, HL-60 - NA, NA, RAW264.7
*antiOx↑, Hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main representative of polyphenols of olive oil, has been described as one of the most powerful natural antioxidants, also showing anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective and anticancer activity in different type o
*Inflam↓, HT acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing NO levels in Raw264.7 cells previously stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
*AntiBio↑,
*cardioP↑,
AntiCan↑,
TumCCA↑, HT caused cell arrest in G0/G1 phase in both Jurkat and HL60 cells by increasing G0/G1 phase and significantly decreasing S phase.
PI3K↓, HT inhibited the PI3K signaling pathway and, consequently, the MAPK pathway was activated.
MAPK↑,
ROS↑, Hydroxytyrosol Increases ROS Production in Jurkat and HL60 Cells
Apoptosis↑, HL60 cells, hydroxytyrosol administration resulted in increased cell apoptosis as a consequence of increased caspase-9 levels and a significant decrease in Bcl2 and phospho-p53
Casp9↑,
Bcl-2↓,
p‑P53↓,

7385- IBC,    Fighting cancer by triggering non-canonical mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis through reactive oxygen species induction
- vitro+vivo, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, BC, 4T1
Apoptosis↑, Previous reports demonstrated that isobavachalcone (IBC), a natural chalcone, has anticancer effect by apoptosis induction
necrosis↑, Here, we found that IBC induced regulated necrosis in cancer cells
ROS↑, IBC triggered non-apoptotic cell death in lung and breast cancer cells mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS)
mtDam↑, IBC caused mitochondrial injury and dysfunction as evidenced by mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, the opening of MPT pore, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and structural damages
Ca+2↑,
MPT↑,
MMP↓,
AntiCan↑, In addition, IBC showed an anticancer effect in a 4T1 breast cancer cell-derived allograft mouse model
*AntiBio↑, Isobavachalcone (IBC), a natural chalcone, has anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective activities
*Inflam↓,
*antiOx↓,
*neuroP↑,
p‑Akt↓, IBC potentially inhibits Akt by reducing Akt phosphorylation in lung cancer cells
DHODH↓, in acute myeloid leukemia cells, IBC directly targets dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) to induce apoptosis and differentiation . BC is a potent inhibitor of Akt and DHODH [24,25] and actively regulates MAPKs
Diff↑,
MAPK↑, robust MAPK activation by IBC

7782- ISL,  BUT,  SCP,    Butein, isoliquiritigenin, and scopoletin attenuate neurodegeneration via antioxidant enzymes and SIRT1/ADAM10 signaling pathway
- in-vitro, AD, SH-SY5Y
*Inflam↓, Plant polyphenols, namely butein, isoliquiritigenin, and scopoletin, have been shown to exhibit various biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities.
*AntiBio↑,
*antiOx↑,
*Apoptosis↓, pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 5 μM of butein, isoliquiritigenin, or scopoletin protected against the cell death induced by H2O2, and decreased the levels of apoptotic cells and ROS.
*ROS↓,
*SIRT1↑, levels of SIRT1, FoxO3a, ADAM10, BCL-2, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and SOD2) were maintained in the cells pretreated with butein, isoliquiritigenin, or scopoletin
*FOXO3↑, Butein, isoliquiritigenin, and scopoletin ameliorated H2O2-induced neurotoxicity by reducing ROS, balancing antioxidants and activating SIRT1-FoxO3a-ADAM10 pathway.
*ADAM10↑,
*Bcl-2↝,
*Catalase↑,
*SOD2↑,
*neuroP↑, Taken together, the data suggest that these polyphenolic compounds could be potential candidates for prevention and/or treatment of neurodegeneration.
*GSR↑, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and cognitive enhancing effects in vivo by maintaining SOD, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase as well as by restoring the content of glutathione.
*GPx↑,
*GSH↑,

7778- ISL,    Isoliquiritigenin, a potent human monoamine oxidase inhibitor, modulates dopamine D1, D3, and vasopressin V1A receptors
- Study, Park, NA - Study, AD, NA
*neuroP?, Isoliquiritigenin (= 4,2′,4′-Trihydroxychalcone) (ILG) is a major constituent of the Glycyrrhizae Rhizoma that has significant neuroprotective functions.
TumCP↓, It has exhibited significant antiproliferative activity on different cancer cells, along with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antiangiogenic, antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, and diabetic complication-preventi
*Inflam↓,
*hepatoP↑,
angioG↓,
*AntiBio↑,
*AntiDiabetic↓,
*ROS↓, ILG as a neuroprotective and neurorescueing compound through inhibition of intracellular ROS generation; antioxidative action;
*antiOx↑,
*MAOA↓, ILG exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against hMAO-A and hMAO-B, as indicated by the low IC50 and Ki values
*MAOB↓,

6535- MeSal,    Phytochemistry and Biological Profile of Gaultheria procumbens L. and Wintergreen Essential Oil: From Traditional Application to Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets
*Inflam↓, Wintergreen oil is reported as a potent anti-inflammatory agent exhibiting moderate antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in vitro and significant insecticidal and larvicidal capacity.
*antiOx↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*other↝, dominant component of the essential oil is methyl salicylate (Figure 5), constituting almost 99% of the entire complex,

6774- Neem,    The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, Currently, the extensive antimicrobial activities of A. indica are being explored through research in the fields of dentistry, food safety, bacteriology, mycology, virology, and parasitology.

6775- Neem,  Nimb,    Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment
- Review, Nor, NA
*antiOx↑, its role as health-promoting effect is attributed because it is rich source of antioxidant.
P53↑, anticancer management through the modulation of various molecular pathways including p53, pTEN, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Bcl-2, and VEGF
PTEN↑, figure 2
NF-kB↓,
PI3K↓,
Akt↓,
Bcl-2↓,
VEGF↓,
*Inflam↓, Neem also plays role as anti-inflammatory via regulation of proinflammatory enzyme activities including cyclooxygenase (COX), and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme.
*COX2/PTGS2↓,
*5LO↝,
*Wound Healing↑, figure 1
*Imm↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*AntiDiabetic↑,
*neuroP↑,
*AntiViral↑,
*Bacteria↑,
*AntiBio↑,
*AntiFungal↑,
cMyc↓, figure 2
BAX↓,
IAP1↓, Nimbolide downregulated cell survival proteins, including I-FLICE, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, and upregulated the proapoptotic proteins p53 and Bax
IAP2/BIRC3↓,
Bcl-xL↓,
survivin↓,
XIAP↓,
angioG↓, ethanolic fraction of neem leaf (EFNL) treatment effectively inhibited the expression of proangiogenic genes,

6766- Oreg,    Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and Potential Uses of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and Oregano Essential Oil
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, serving as a source of natural antiseptics and protective agents
*other↝, Oregano essential oil, rich in thymol and carvacrol, has a number of health-promoting properties.
*antiOx↑, These compounds (also present in extracts) exhibit significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities.
*Inflam↓,
angioG↓,
AntiCan↑,

6765- ProBio,    Probiotics
*GutMicro↑, hese mechanisms include the inhibition of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract (by fostering colonization resistance, improving intestinal transit, producing antimicrobial substances, or helping normalize a perturbed
*AntiBio↑,
*pH↓, and the reduction of luminal pH in the colon
*Diar↓, Some systematic reviews and meta-analyses report that starting certain probiotic treatments within 2 days of the first antibiotic dose helps reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in specific patient populations.

7378- RS,    Reserpine inhibits DNA repair, cell proliferation, invasion and induces apoptosis in oral carcinogenesis via modulation of TGF-β signaling
*antiOx↑, Reserpine is a natural indole alkaloid isolated from Rauwolfia serpentina and has potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-mutagenic properties.
*AntiBio↑,
TGF-β↓, reserpine inhibits TGF-β dependent Smad2/3/4 phosphorylation, thereby blockage Smad3/Snail activation and Smad2/4 nuclear translocation.
p‑SMAD3↓,
p‑SMAD2↓,
p‑SMAD4↓,
SMAD3↓,
Snail↓,
ERCC1↓, downregulating ERCC1, XPF, Ku70, DNA-PKcs, PCNA, cyclin D1, HIF-1α, IL-6, Mcl-1
ERCC4/XPF↓,
Ku70/XRCC6↓,
PCNA↓,
cycD1/CCND1↓,
Hif1a↓,
IL6↓,
Mcl-1↓,
BAX↑, stimulates Bax, cytochrome C, Apaf-1, caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP protein expressions.
Cyt‑c↑,
APAF1↑,
Casp9↑,
Casp3↑,
PARP↑,
DNArepair↓, therapeutic potential of reserpine in inhibiting DNA repair, cell proliferation, and invasion
TumCP↓,
TumCI↓,

6768- T4O,    Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: a Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil
*other↝, Terpinen-4-ol ≥30c 40.1%
*AntiFungal↑, TTO vapors have also been demonstrated to inhibit fungal growth
*Inflam↓, Numerous recent studies now support the anecdotal evidence attributing anti-inflammatory activity to TTO.
*ROS⇅, TTO decreases the production of reactive oxygen species by both stimulated neutrophils and monocytes and that it also stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species by nonprimed neutrophils and monocytes
*toxicity↑, TTO can be toxic if ingested, as evidenced by studies with animals and from cases of human poisoning.

6767- Thyme,    Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, this compound also exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activities, as well as a potential as a growth enhancer and immunomodulator.
*Inflam↓,
*Imm↑,
*other↝, Thymol, usually combined with glycerin, alcohol, and other volatiles, is used to make mouthwashes.
*Half-Life↝, Peak plasma concentrations (93.1 ng/ml) were reached after above 2 hr, and the mean terminal elimination half‐life was 10.2 hr.
*Obesity↓, This compound prevented obesity through several mechanisms, such as the attenuation of visceral fat accumulation,
*GutMicro↑, as well as modulate gut microbiota

6776- TQ,    Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its constituent (thymoquinone): a review on antimicrobial effects
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiBio↑, TQ, have a broad antimicrobial spectrum including Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, parasites, schistosoma and fungi.
*AntiViral↑,
*AntiFungal↑,


Showing Research Papers: 1 to 44 of 44

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 44

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


NA, unassigned(tgid=0) ⓘ

AntiBio↑, 1,   DHODH↓, 1,   ERCC4/XPF↓, 1,   Ku70/XRCC6↓, 1,   PLA2↓, 1,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 2,   GSH↓, 1,   MFN2↑, 1,   NRF2↓, 1,   ROS↓, 1,   ROS↑, 6,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↓, 1,   MMP↓, 3,   MPT↑, 2,   mtDam↑, 1,   OCR↓, 1,   XIAP↓, 2,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

AKT1↓, 1,   ALAT↓, 1,   cMyc↓, 2,   ERCC1↓, 1,   glucose↓, 1,   LDL↓, 1,   SIRT1↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Akt↓, 5,   p‑Akt↓, 1,   APAF1↑, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 11,   BAD↑, 1,   Bak↓, 1,   BAX↓, 1,   BAX↑, 4,   Bcl-2↓, 5,   Bcl-xL↓, 3,   BID↑, 1,   Casp↝, 1,   Casp3↑, 7,   cl‑Casp3⇅, 1,   Casp7↑, 1,   Casp8↑, 2,   Casp9↑, 7,   Cyt‑c↑, 4,   Fas↑, 1,   IAP1↓, 2,   IAP2/BIRC3↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 1,   MAPK↑, 2,   MAPK↝, 1,   Mcl-1↓, 2,   necrosis↑, 1,   p27/CDKN1B↑, 1,   p38↑, 1,   survivin↓, 3,   TumCD↑, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

HER2/EBBR2↓, 1,   miR-25-5p↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

tumCV↓, 3,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

ER Stress↑, 1,   HSP90↓, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

Beclin-1↓, 1,   TumAuto↑, 2,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↑, 2,   DNArepair↓, 1,   P53↑, 4,   P53↝, 1,   p‑P53↓, 1,   PARP↑, 3,   cl‑PARP↑, 3,   PCNA↓, 2,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

cycA1/CCNA1↓, 1,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 3,   cycE/CCNE↓, 1,   P21↑, 1,   TumCCA↑, 9,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

ALDH↓, 1,   CSCs↓, 1,   Diff↑, 1,   EMT↓, 1,   FGF↓, 1,   HDAC1↓, 1,   HDAC3↓, 1,   mTOR↝, 1,   NOTCH↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 4,   PTEN↑, 2,   RAS↓, 1,   SHP1↑, 1,   STAT3↓, 4,   TumCG↑, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

Ca+2↑, 1,   CEA↓, 1,   MMP2↓, 2,   MMP9↓, 1,   MMPs↓, 1,   Smad1↓, 1,   p‑SMAD2↓, 1,   SMAD3↓, 1,   p‑SMAD3↓, 1,   p‑SMAD4↓, 1,   Snail↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 2,   TIMP2↑, 1,   TumCI↓, 4,   TumCMig↓, 5,   TumCP↓, 7,   TumMeta↓, 2,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↓, 5,   EGFR↓, 1,   EGFR↑, 1,   Hif1a↓, 2,   VEGF↓, 2,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

COX2/PTGS2↓, 5,   IL1β↓, 1,   IL6↓, 3,   Imm↑, 1,   JAK1↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 4,   NF-kB↑, 1,   PGE2↓, 2,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

ChemoSen↑, 2,   Dose↝, 5,   eff↓, 1,   eff↑, 4,   eff↝, 2,   RadioS↑, 1,   selectivity↑, 4,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   CEA↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 1,   EGFR↑, 1,   HER2/EBBR2↓, 1,   IL6↓, 3,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 11,   AntiTum↑, 1,   Risk↑, 1,   TumVol↓, 1,   TumW↓, 1,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

Bacteria↓, 1,  

Ingredients & Constituents(tgid=25) ⓘ

Api↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 140

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


NA, unassigned(tgid=0) ⓘ

AntiArt↑, 1,   AntiBio↑, 44,   Stroke↓, 2,   TRPA1↑, 1,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↓, 1,   antiOx↑, 28,   Catalase↑, 11,   GPx↑, 7,   GSH↑, 6,   GSR↑, 1,   GSTs↑, 2,   HDL↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 3,   Keap1↑, 1,   lipid-P↓, 4,   MDA↓, 3,   NRF2↑, 3,   RNS↓, 1,   ROS↓, 14,   ROS↑, 1,   ROS⇅, 1,   SOD↑, 10,   SOD2↑, 1,   TAC↑, 1,   TBARS↓, 2,   uricA↓, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↑, 1,   MMP↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   LDL↓, 3,   NADPH↑, 1,   PPARγ↓, 1,   SIRT1↑, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Apoptosis↓, 2,   BAX↓, 1,   Bcl-2↓, 1,   Bcl-2↑, 1,   Bcl-2↝, 1,   Casp3↓, 2,   Cyt‑c↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 4,   MAPK↓, 1,   survivin↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

other↑, 1,   other↝, 9,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

TumCCA↑, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

FOXO3↑, 1,   GH↑, 1,   GSK‐3β↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 1,   VGSC↓, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

5LO↓, 1,   5LO↝, 1,   AntiAg↑, 2,   MMP13↓, 1,   MMP9↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 1,   TIMP1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

NO↓, 4,   TXA2↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

BBB↓, 1,   BBB↑, 1,   GastroP↑, 3,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

CD4+↑, 2,   COX1↓, 2,   COX2/PTGS2↓, 5,   ICAM-1↓, 1,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   IL17↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 6,   IL6↓, 5,   IL6↑, 1,   Imm↑, 6,   Inflam↓, 32,   Inflam↑, 1,   MCP1/CCL2↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 3,   PGE2↓, 2,   TNF-α↓, 9,  

Cellular Microenvironment(tgid=17) ⓘ

pH↓, 1,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission(tgid=18) ⓘ

AChE↓, 3,   ADAM10↑, 1,   BChE↓, 2,   GABA↑, 1,   MAOA↓, 2,   tau↓, 1,   p‑tau↓, 1,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

AGEs↓, 1,   Aβ↓, 5,   BACE/β-secretase↓, 2,   MAOB↓, 1,   NLRP3↓, 1,   XO↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 5,   BioAv↑, 7,   BioAv↝, 3,   Dose↝, 2,   eff↑, 8,   eff↝, 2,   Half-Life↓, 1,   Half-Life↝, 4,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AST↓, 2,   BP↓, 3,   creat↓, 1,   GutMicro↑, 7,   IL6↓, 5,   IL6↑, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 7,   AntiDiabetic↓, 1,   AntiDiabetic↑, 9,   antiPs↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 8,   chemoPv↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 4,   hepatoP↑, 8,   memory↑, 4,   motorD↑, 1,   neuroP?, 1,   neuroP↑, 14,   Obesity↓, 3,   Pain↓, 2,   RenoP↑, 1,   Sleep↑, 1,   toxicity↓, 6,   toxicity↑, 2,   toxicity↝, 2,   Wound Healing↓, 1,   Wound Healing↑, 3,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

AntiFungal↓, 2,   AntiFungal↑, 7,   AntiViral↑, 6,   Bacteria↓, 6,   Bacteria↑, 1,   CD8+↑, 1,   Diar↓, 1,  

Ingredients & Constituents(tgid=25) ⓘ

CA↑, 1,   Catechins↑, 1,   FA↑, 1,   GA↑, 1,   Phen↑, 2,   QC↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 142

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: AntiBio, Antibiotic/Antimicrobial activity
4 α-Bisabolol / Chamomile oil
3 EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate)
3 Eugenol
2 Date Fruit Extract
2 Emodin
2 Hibiscus sabdariffa
2 High-Ozonide Oil
2 Isoliquiritigenin
2 Neem
1 1,8-Cineole
1 Allicin (mainly Garlic)
1 Berberine
1 Centella asiatica / Gotu kola → asiaticoside
1 Cinnamon
1 Curcumin
1 Silver-NanoParticles
1 diet Fermented Foods
1 Ferulic acid
1 Gallic acid
1 Gamma-aminobutyric acid
1 Geldanamycin
1 Geraniol
1 Ginkgetin
1 HydroxyTyrosol
1 Isobavachalcone
1 Butein
1 Scopoletin
1 Methyl salicylate / Sweet Birch oil
1 Nimbolide
1 Oregano
1 probiotics
1 Rauwolfia serpentina/Indian Snakeroot
1 Terpinen-4-ol / Tea Tree Oil
1 Thyme
1 Thymoquinone
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:%  Target#:1483  State#:%  Dir#:2
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