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ENO3 (enolase 3; β-enolase; muscle-specific enolase, MSE) is a
glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of
2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate, an ATP-generating precursor in the
later stages of glycolysis. ENO3 is normally expressed predominantly in skeletal
and cardiac muscle but is aberrantly expressed in several cancers. In colorectal
cancer, increased ENO3 expression has been associated with enhanced glycolysis,
tumour-cell proliferation and migration and with poorer prognosis, supporting
an oncogenic role. ENO3 is also used as a marker of skeletal-muscle
differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma. However, its function is not uniform across
all tumour types, and ENO3 can also support antitumour immune-cell metabolism;
therefore, its systemic biological effect is context-dependent. For tumour-cell
metabolism, the typical cancer-associated direction is generally
up, while the desired direct anticancer modulation is generally
down.
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