Half-Life Cancer Research Results
Half-Life, Half-Life: Click to Expand ⟱
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For many drugs, the half-life is the time it takes for half of the drug’s active substance to be eliminated from the bloodstream.
In medicine, knowing a drug’s half-life helps in designing treatment regimens that reduce adverse effects.
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Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
*BioAv↝, For enteric tablets, ABB varied from 36–104%
*eff↓, but it was reduced to 22–57% when consumed with a high-protein meal, due to slower gastric emptying.
*BioAv↝, garlic powder capsules gave 26–109%
*BioAv↝, Kwai garlic powder tablets, which have been used in a large number of clinical trials, gave 80% ABB, validating it as representing raw garlic in those trials
*eff↑, Hence, many brands of garlic supplements have been enteric-coated to prevent disintegration in the stomach
*Half-Life∅, Hence, many brands of garlic supplements have been enteric-coated to prevent disintegration in the stomach
*eff↑, all brands of normal tablets gave high allicin bioavailability
*eff↑, Hence, both low-protein and high-protein meals would provide a gastric pH ≥ 4.0 for an ample amount of time for the alliinase in disintegrated normal tablets and capsules to convert most of the alliin to allicin in the stomach.
*Dose∅, Three tablets has been the most common dose used in these trials. The N1 tablets in these trials have been consistently standardized to contain 3.9 mg alliin/tablet and to yield 1.8 mg allicin/tablet
*eff↑, The bioavailability of allicin from garlic powder supplements containing alliin and active alliinase can be as high as that from an equivalent amount of crushed raw garlic containing maximum allicin, when consumed with a meal.
*BioAv↓, We find that oral intake of dietary materials would require heroic ingestion amounts and is not feasible. However, use of supplements of semi-purified apigenin in capsule form could reach target blood levels using amounts that are within the range cu
Half-Life∅, elimination half-life (T1/2) averaging 2.52 ± 0.56h
*BioAv↓, bioavailability is in the region of 30%
Dose∅, Blood and urine samples were taken following a meal consisting of 2g parsley/kg body weight–which was equivalent to ∼17mg of apigenin -> 28–337nmol/L at 6–10h after consumption
eff↑, Apigenin and quercetin enhance their own and each other’s bioavailability by downregulating the activity of ABC transporters
CYP1A2↓, status of apigenin as an inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4
CYP2C9↓,
CYP3A4↓,
*BioAv↓, Apigenin is not easily absorbed orally because of its low water solubility, which is only 2.16 g/mL
*Half-Life∅, Apigenin is slowly absorbed and eliminated from the body, as evidenced by its half‐life of 91.8 h in the blood
selectivity↑, selective anticancer effects and effective cell cytotoxic activity while exhibiting negligible toxicity to ordinary cells
*toxicity↓, intentional consumption in higher doses, as the toxicity hazard is low
Wnt/(β-catenin)↓, inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin
P53↑,
P21↑,
PI3K↓,
Akt↓,
mTOR↓,
TumCCA↑, G2/M
TumCI↓,
TumCMig↓,
STAT3↓, apigenin can activate p53, which improves catalase and inhibits STAT3,
PKM2↓,
EMT↓, reversing increases in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)
cl‑PARP↑, apigenin increases the cleavage of poly‐(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and rapidly enhances caspase‐3 activity,
Casp3↑,
Bax:Bcl2↑,
VEGF↓, apigenin suppresses VEGF transcription
Hif1a↓, decrease in hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha (HIF‐1α
Dose∅, effectiveness of apigenin (200 and 300 mg/kg) in treating CC was evaluated by establishing xenografts on Balb/c nude mice.
GLUT1↓, Apigenin has been found to inhibit GLUT1 activity and glucose uptake in human pancreatic cancer cells
GlucoseCon↓,
TumCP↓,
TumCCA↑,
Apoptosis↑,
MMPs↓,
Akt↓,
*BioAv↑, delivery systems (nanosuspension, polymeric micelles, liposomes).
*BioAv↓, low solubility of apigenin in water (1.35 μg/mL) and its high permeability
Half-Life∅, (appearing in blood circulation after 3.9 h)
Hif1a↓, (HIF-1α) is targeted by apigenin in several cancers such as, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer
GLUT1↓, GLUT-1 is blocked by apigenin (0–100 μM) under normoxic conditions
VEGF↓,
ChemoSen↑, apigenin can be applied as a chemosensitizer
ROS↑, accumulation of ROS produced were stimulated
Bcl-2↓, down-regulation of anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl as well as the up-regulation of apoptotic factors Bax and Bim.
Bcl-xL↓,
BAX↑,
BIM↑,
AntiCan↑, Several convergent studies show that capsaicin displays robust cancer activity, suppressing the growth, angiogenesis and metastasis of several human cancers.
TumCG↓,
angioG↓,
TumMeta↓,
BioAv↓, clinical applications of capsaicin as a viable anti-cancer drug have remained problematic due to its poor bioavailability and aqueous solubility properties
BioAv↓, capsaicin is associated with adverse side effects like gastrointestinal cramps, stomach pain, nausea and diarrhea and vomiting
BioAv↑, All these hurdles may be circumvented by encapsulation of capsaicin in sustained release drug delivery systems.
selectivity↑, Most importantly, these long-acting capsaicin formulations selectively kill cancer cells and have minimal growth-suppressive activity on normal cells.
EPR↑, The EPR effect is a mechanism by which high–molecular drug delivery systems (typically prodrugs, liposomes, nanoparticles, and macromolecular drugs) tend to accumulate in tumor tissue much more than they do in normal tissues
eff↓, The efficiency of such extravasation is maximum when the size of the liposomes less than 200 nm The CAP-CUR-GLY-GAL-LIPO were spherical in shape with a narrow range of size distribution ranging from 135–155nm
ChemoSen↑, The chemosensitization and anti-tumor activity of capsaicin involves multiple molecular pathways
Dose∅, oral, Intravenous (IV), and Intraperitoneal (IP) options
Half-Life∅, oral metabolized in 105mins, T1/2in blood=25mins.
eff↑, presence of urea (as a carrier) increased the aqueous solubility of capsaicin by 3.6-fold compared to pure capsaicin
PDKs↓, DCA activates PDH by inhibition of PDK at concentration of 10–250 μM
PDH↑,
lactateProd↓, decrease in lactate levels in both the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid.
Half-Life∅, Although the initial half-life with the first dose is less than one hour, this half-life increases to several hours with subsequent doses.
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in-vitro, |
Cerv, |
HeLa |
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in-vitro, |
Liver, |
HepG2 |
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in-vitro, |
BC, |
MCF-7 |
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in-vitro, |
Lung, |
A549 |
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in-vitro, |
Nor, |
HUVECs |
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eff↑, Hull blackberry fruits into five growth periods according to color and determined the EA content in the fruits in each period. The EA content in the green fruit stage was the highest at 5.67 mg/g FW
Dose∅, EA inhibited HeLa cells with an IC50 of 35 μg/mL
*BioAv↑, EA is not sensitive to high temperatures and is not highly soluble in many solvents.
selectivity↑, selectivity index varied from 7.4 for Hela to about 1 for A549
TumCP↓, EA reduced the proliferation of human cervical cancer HeLa, SiHa, and C33A cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the inhibitory effect was significantly more pronounced in HeLa cells than in SiHa and C33A cells
Casp↑, EA reduced the proliferation of human cervical cancer HeLa, SiHa, and C33A cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the inhibitory effect was significantly more pronounced in HeLa cells than in SiHa and C33A cells
PTEN↑,
TSC1↑,
mTOR⇅,
Akt↓, AKT, PDK1 expression were down-regulated
PDK1↓,
E6↓, mRNA levels of E6/E7 were determined to decrease gradually with the increase in EA incubation time and concentration
E7↓,
DNAdam↑, When DNA damage is introduced into cells from exogenous or endogenous sources there is an increase in the amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)
ROS↑,
*BioAv↓, EA cannot be exploited for in vivo therapeutic applications in the current situation because of its poor water solubility and accordingly low bioavailability.
*BioEnh↑, As Lei [52] reported that EA in pomegranate leaf is rapidly absorbed and distributed as well as eliminated in rats
*Half-Life∅, blood concentration peaked at 0.5 h with Cmax = 7.29 μg/mL, and the drug concentration decreased to half of the original after 57 min of administration
*BioEnh↝, pomegranate juice (PJ) (180 ml) containing EA (25 mg) and ETs (318 mg, as punicalagins) : EA was detected in human plasma at a maximum concentration (31.9 ng/ml)
*Half-Life∅, maximum concentration (31.9 ng/ml) after 1 h post-ingestion but was rapidly eliminated by 4 h.
*Dose∅, A pharmacokinetic study in healthy individuals receiving single doses of EGCGrevealed that plasma concentrations exceeded 1 μM only with doses of >1 g
Half-Life∅, peak levels observed between 1.3 and 2.2 h (and a half-life (t1/2z) of 1.9 to 4.6 h)
BioAv∅, oral bioavailability of 20.3% relative to intravenous admistration
BBB↑, EGCG can cross the blood–brain barrier, allowing it to reach the brain
toxicity∅, Isbrucher et al. found no evidence of genotoxicity in rats following oral administration
of EGCG at doses of 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg, or intravenous injections of 10, 25, or
50 mg/kg/day.
eff↓, interaction with the folate transporter has been reported, leading to reduced
bioavailability of folic acid
Apoptosis↑,
Casp3↑,
Cyt‑c↑, cytochrome c release
cl‑PARP↑,
DNMTs↓,
Telomerase↓,
angioG↓,
Hif1a↓,
NF-kB↓,
MMPs↓,
BAX↑,
Bak↑,
Bcl-2↓,
Bcl-xL↓,
P53↑,
PTEN↑,
IGF-1↓,
H3↓,
HDAC1↓,
*LDH↓, reduces LDL cholesterol, decreases oxidative stress by neutralizing ROS
*ROS↓,
TumCCA↑, inhibition of the cell cycle
BioAv↑, oral bioavailability was determined to be 5.81%.Novel delivery strategies such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles have been investigated to improve their bioavailability
Half-Life∅, researchers recorded a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 2009.51 ng/mL in 3.67 h after administration. elimination half-life was found to be 2.31 h.
TNF-α↓,
Casp8↑,
BAX↑,
Bak↑,
EGF↓,
mTOR↓,
PI3K↓,
ERK↓,
Akt↓,
NF-kB↓,
VEGF↓,
angioG↓,
antiOx↑,
EMT↓, Naringenin reduces the metastatic efficacy of breast cancer cells by EMT suppression
OS↑, Oral administration of naringenin dramatically reduced the number of metastatic tumor cells in the lungs and prolonged the lifespan of mice that had their tumors removed
MAPK↓, Naringenin inhibited the MAPK and PI3K pathways
ChemoSen↑, In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, combination therapy using NGE and tamoxifen was more effective than either drug alone
MMP9↓, downregulating the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2
MMP2↓,
ROS↑, combination treatment increases ROS generation
ROS↑, demonstrated the antitumor effects of naringenin nanoparticles through increased ROS levels, GSH attenuation, and caspase-3 activation, which ultimately induced apoptosis
GSH↓,
Casp3↑,
ROS↑, This review concludes that naringenin can reduce carcinogenesis through pleiotropic processes such as antioxidative, apoptotic-inducing ROS generation, and cell cycle arrest
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in-vitro, |
BC, |
MCF-7 |
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in-vitro, |
BC, |
SUM159 |
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in-vivo, |
NA, |
NA |
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TumCD↑, reduced the size and number of primary mammospheres by 8~125-fold and 45%~75% (P < 0.01), respectively.
CSCs↓, Sulforaphane eliminated breast CSCs in vivo,
Wnt↓, Sulforaphane inhibits breast CSCs and down-regulates Wnt/β-catenin self-renewal pathway
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
*BioAv↑, Sulforaphane was found to be converted from glucoraphanin, a major glucosinolate in broccoli/broccoli sprouts
angioG↓, Sulforaphane was also shown to suppress angiogenesis and metastasis by down-regulating VEGF, HIF-1α, MMP-2 and MMP-9 (4).
VEGF↓,
Hif1a↓,
MMP2↓,
MMP9↓,
Casp3↑,
*Half-Life∅, Plasma concentrations of sulforaphane equivalents peaked 0.94~2.27 μM in humans 1 hr after a single dose of 200 μmol broccoli sprout isothiocyanates (mainly sulforaphane)
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in-vivo, |
Colon, |
NA |
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Human, |
Nor, |
NA |
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TumCG↓, When consumed in the diet at an average daily dose of 7.5 mumol per animal for 21 days, SFN suppressed the growth of human PC-3 prostate cancer cells by 40% in male nude mice.
HDAC↓, significant decrease in HDAC activity
*BioAv↑, a single dose of 68 g BroccoSprouts inhibited HDAC activity significantly in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) 3 and 6 hrs following consumption.
Dose∅, a single dose of 68 g BroccoSprouts inhibited HDAC activity significantly in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) 3 and 6 hrs following consumption.
Half-Life∅, a single dose of 68 g BroccoSprouts inhibited HDAC activity significantly in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) 3 and 6 hrs following consumption.
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Review, |
Var, |
NA |
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Review, |
AD, |
NA |
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neuroP↑, current evidence supporting the neuroprotective and anticancer effects of SFN
AntiCan↑,
NRF2↑, neuroprotective effects through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway
HDAC↓, histone deacetylase was inhibited after human subjects ingested 68 g of broccoli sprouts
eff↑, sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy
*ROS↓, protecting neurons [14] and microglia [15] against oxidative stress
neuroP↑, neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
HDAC↓, capacity as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor
*toxicity∅, normal cells are relatively resistant to SFN-induced cell death
BioAv↑, SFN has good bioavailability; it can reach high intracellular and plasma concentrations
eff↓, However, it is important to consider that at lower doses, specifically 2.5 μM, SFN resulted in a slight increase in cell proliferation by 5.18–11.84% within a 6 to 48 h treatment window
cycD1/CCND1↓, in breast cancer
CDK4↓, in breast cancer
p‑RB1↓, in breast cancer
Glycolysis↓, in prostate cancer
miR-30a-5p↑, ovarian cancer
TumCCA↑, gastric cancer
TumCG↓,
TumMeta↓,
eff↑, SFN emerged as a critical enhancer of ST’s efficacy by suppressing resistance in RCC cells, offering a potent approach to overcome ST monotherapy limitations.
ChemoSen↑, SFN may improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy by increasing cancer cell sensitivity to the drugs used to treat them
RadioS↑, SFN may help protect healthy cells and tissues from the harmful effects of radiation
CardioT↓, Several studies have demonstrated the protective role of SFN in cardiotoxicity
angioG↓, In colon cancers, SFN blocks cells’ progression and angiogenesis by inhibiting HIF-1α and VEGF expression
Hif1a↓,
VEGF↓,
*BioAv?, SFN is well absorbed in the intestine, with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 82%.
*Half-Life∅, In rats, after an oral dose of 50 μmol of SFN, the plasma concentration of SFN can peak at 20 μM at 4 h and decline with a half-life of about 2.2 h
Showing Research Papers: 1 to 13 of 13
* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 13
Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:
Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ
antiOx↑, 1, GSH↓, 1, NRF2↑, 1, ROS↑, 5,
Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ
EGF↓, 1,
Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ
CYP3A4↓, 1, GlucoseCon↓, 1, Glycolysis↓, 1, lactateProd↓, 1, PDH↑, 1, PDK1↓, 1, PDKs↓, 1, PKM2↓, 1,
Cell Death ⓘ
Akt↓, 4, Apoptosis↑, 2, Bak↑, 2, BAX↑, 3, Bax:Bcl2↑, 1, Bcl-2↓, 2, Bcl-xL↓, 2, BIM↑, 1, Casp↑, 1, Casp3↑, 4, Casp8↑, 1, Cyt‑c↑, 1, MAPK↓, 1, Telomerase↓, 1, TumCD↑, 1,
Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ
H3↓, 1, miR-30a-5p↑, 1,
DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ
DNAdam↑, 1, DNMTs↓, 1, P53↑, 2, cl‑PARP↑, 2,
Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ
CDK4↓, 1, cycD1/CCND1↓, 1, P21↑, 1, p‑RB1↓, 1, TumCCA↑, 4,
Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ
CSCs↓, 1, EMT↓, 2, ERK↓, 1, HDAC↓, 3, HDAC1↓, 1, IGF-1↓, 1, mTOR↓, 2, mTOR⇅, 1, PI3K↓, 2, PTEN↑, 2, STAT3↓, 1, TumCG↓, 3, Wnt↓, 1, Wnt/(β-catenin)↓, 1,
Migration ⓘ
MMP2↓, 2, MMP9↓, 2, MMPs↓, 2, TSC1↑, 1, TumCI↓, 1, TumCMig↓, 1, TumCP↓, 2, TumMeta↓, 2, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,
Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ
angioG↓, 5, EPR↑, 1, Hif1a↓, 5, VEGF↓, 5,
Barriers & Transport ⓘ
BBB↑, 1, GLUT1↓, 2,
Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ
NF-kB↓, 2, TNF-α↓, 1,
Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ
BioAv↓, 2, BioAv↑, 3, BioAv∅, 1, ChemoSen↑, 4, CYP1A2↓, 1, CYP2C9↓, 1, Dose∅, 5, eff↓, 3, eff↑, 5, Half-Life∅, 7, RadioS↑, 1, selectivity↑, 3,
Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ
E6↓, 1, E7↓, 1,
Functional Outcomes ⓘ
AntiCan↑, 2, CardioT↓, 1, neuroP↑, 2, OS↑, 1, toxicity∅, 1,
Total Targets: 89
Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:
Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ
ROS↓, 2,
Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ
LDH↓, 1,
Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ
BioAv?, 1, BioAv↓, 5, BioAv↑, 4, BioAv↝, 3, BioEnh↑, 1, BioEnh↝, 1, Dose∅, 2, eff↓, 1, eff↑, 4, Half-Life∅, 6,
Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ
LDH↓, 1,
Functional Outcomes ⓘ
toxicity↓, 1, toxicity∅, 1,
Total Targets: 15
Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Half-Life, Half-Life
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include :
-low or high Dose
-format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
-different cell line effects
-synergies with other products
-if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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