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| Also known as CP32. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) is a common key protein in the apoptosis and pyroptosis pathways, and when activated, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene Gasdermin E (GSDME) determines the mechanism of tumor cell death. As a key protein of apoptosis, caspase-3 can also cleave GSDME and induce pyroptosis. Loss of caspase activity is an important cause of tumor progression. Many anticancer strategies rely on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells as a means to shrink tumors. Crucial for apoptotic function are executioner caspases, most notably caspase-3, that proteolyze a variety of proteins, inducing cell death. Paradoxically, overexpression of procaspase-3 (PC-3), the low-activity zymogen precursor to caspase-3, has been reported in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, this counterintuitive overexpression of a pro-apoptotic protein in cancer has been puzzling. Recent studies suggest subapoptotic caspase-3 activity may promote oncogenic transformation, a possible explanation for the enigmatic overexpression of PC-3. Herein, the overexpression of PC-3 in cancer and its mechanistic basis is reviewed; collectively, the data suggest the potential for exploitation of PC-3 overexpression with PC-3 activators as a targeted anticancer strategy. Caspase 3 is the main effector caspase and has a key role in apoptosis. In many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer, caspase-3 expression is reduced or absent. On the other hand, some studies have shown that high levels of caspase-3 expression can be associated with a better prognosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. This suggests that caspase-3 may play a role in the elimination of cancer cells, and that therapies aimed at activating caspase-3 may be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Procaspase-3 is a apoptotic marker protein. Prognostic significance: • High Cas3 expression: Associated with good prognosis and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancers. • Low Cas3 expression: Linked to poor prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. |
| 6331- | Eug, | Eugenol-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells via PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a Pathway Inhibition |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 6330- | Eug, | Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Eugenol in Cancer: Recent Trends and Advancement |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6848- | EVO, | Evodiamine: A Extremely Potential Drug Development Candidate of Alkaloids from Evodia rutaecarpa |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 6844- | EVO, | Evodiamine inhibits both stem cell and non-stem-cell populations in human cancer cells by targeting heat shock protein 70 |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 |
| 6842- | EVO, | Evodiamine activates cellular apoptosis through suppressing PI3K/AKT and activating MAPK in glioma |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U251 | - | in-vitro, | GBM, | LN229 |
| 6841- | EVO, | Evodiamine induces reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis in human melanoma A-375 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | A375 |
| 6839- | EVO, | Activation of JNK Contributes to Evodiamine-Induced Apoptosis and G2/M Arrest in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells: A Structure-Activity Study of Evodiamine |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | COLO205 | - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HT29 |
| 6881- | FA, | Potential Therapeutic Efficacy of Ferulic Acid and Its Derivatives in the Management of Cancers: A Comprehensive Analysis With Mechanistic Insight |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6886- | FA, | MTX, | Ferulic acid prevents oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver injury via upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in methotrexate-induced rats |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 1654- | FA, | Molecular mechanism of ferulic acid and its derivatives in tumor progression |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1656- | FA, | Ferulic Acid: A Natural Phenol That Inhibits Neoplastic Events through Modulation of Oncogenic Signaling |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 7513- | FA, | Anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of ferulic acid in TT medullary thyroid cancer cells interacting with URG4/URGCP |
| - | in-vitro, | Thyroid, | NA |
| 7512- | FA, | Ferulic acid decreases cell viability and colony formation while inhibiting migration of MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | MIA PaCa-2 |
| 6855- | FBZ, | Transcriptome analysis reveals the anticancer effects of fenbendazole on ovarian cancer: an in vitro and in vivo study |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Ovarian, | A2780S | - | vitro+vivo, | Ovarian, | SKOV3 |
| 6858- | FBZ, | Fenbendazole and Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate Exert Synergistic Anti-cancer Effects by Inducing Apoptosis and Arresting the Cell Cycle in A549 Lung Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 6857- | FBZ, | Fenbendazole induces pyroptosis in breast cancer cells through HK2/caspase-3/GSDME signaling pathway |
| - | vitro+vivo, | BC, | NA |
| 6427- | FEO, | Foeniculum vulgare seed extract exerts anti-cancer effects on hepatocellular carcinoma |
| - | vitro+vivo, | HCC, | NA |
| 6890- | Fer, | Iron oxide nanoparticles inhibit tumour growth by inducing pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in tumour tissues |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Var, | NA |
| 6918- | FIS, | Geld, | Radic, | HSP90 Inhibitors, Geldanamycin and Radicicol, Enhance Fisetin-Induced Cytotoxicity via Induction of Apoptosis in Human Colonic Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | COLO205 |
| 6901- | FIS, | Fisetin induces G2/M phase arrest and caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 leading to apoptosis and tumor growth inhibition in HNSCC |
| - | in-vivo, | HNSCC, | CAL33 |
| 6899- | FIS, | Fisetin, a novel dietary flavonoid, causes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | LNCaP | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | 22Rv1 |
| 2849- | FIS, | Activation of reactive oxygen species/AMP activated protein kinase signaling mediates fisetin-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma U266 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | U266 |
| 2853- | FIS, | Fisetin Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis via JAK/STAT3 Signaling Pathways in Human Thyroid TPC 1 Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Thyroid, | TPC-1 |
| 2856- | FIS, | N -acetyl- L -cysteine enhances fisetin-induced cytotoxicity via induction of ROS-independent apoptosis in human colonic cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | COLO205 |
| 2857- | FIS, | A review on the chemotherapeutic potential of fisetin: In vitro evidences |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2859- | FIS, | The Natural Flavonoid Fisetin Inhibits Cellular Proliferation of Hepatic, Colorectal, and Pancreatic Cancer Cells through Modulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 | - | NA, | Colon, | Caco-2 |
| 2844- | FIS, | Fisetin, a dietary flavonoid induces apoptosis via modulating the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways in human osteosarcoma (U-2 OS) cells |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | U2OS |
| 2845- | FIS, | Fisetin: A bioactive phytochemical with potential for cancer prevention and pharmacotherapy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2825- | FIS, | Exploring the molecular targets of dietary flavonoid fisetin in cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2828- | FIS, | Fisetin, a Potent Anticancer Flavonol Exhibiting Cytotoxic Activity against Neoplastic Malignant Cells and Cancerous Conditions: A Scoping, Comprehensive Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2830- | FIS, | Biological effects and mechanisms of fisetin in cancer: a promising anti-cancer agent |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2838- | FIS, | Fisetin induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by suppressing autophagy and down-regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | NA |
| 2839- | FIS, | Dietary flavonoid fisetin for cancer prevention and treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2841- | FIS, | Fisetin, an Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Overcomes Radioresistance by Activating the PERK-ATF4-CHOP Axis in Liver Cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | RAW264.7 | - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 | - | in-vitro, | Liver, | Hep3B | - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HUH7 |
| 2843- | FIS, | Fisetin and Quercetin: Promising Flavonoids with Chemopreventive Potential |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2832- | FIS, | Fisetin's Promising Antitumor Effects: Uncovering Mechanisms and Targeting for Future Therapies |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6981- | Form, | Formononetin: a review of its source, pharmacology, drug combination, toxicity, derivatives, and drug delivery systems |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | PSA, | NA |
| 6982- | Form, | Formononetin: A Review of Its Anticancer Potentials and Mechanisms |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6984- | Form, | Formononetin suppresses colitis-associated colon cancer by targeting lipid synthesis and mTORC2/Akt signaling |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HCT116 | - | Review, | IBD, | RAW264.7 |
| 6986- | Form, | Anti-angiogenesis Function of Ononin via Suppressing the MEK/Erk Signaling Pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Var, | NA |
| 6988- | Form, | Formononetin ameliorates high glucose‑induced endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HUVECs |
| 6970- | Form, | Formononetin, an isoflavone from Astragalus membranaceus inhibits proliferation and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | NA |
| 6966- | Form, | Formononetin-induced oxidative stress abrogates the activation of STAT3/5 signaling axis and suppresses the tumor growth in multiple myeloma preclinical model |
| - | vitro+vivo, | MM, | NA |
| 6967- | Form, | BTZ, | Formononetin Regulates Multiple Oncogenic Signaling Cascades and Enhances Sensitivity to Bortezomib in a Multiple Myeloma Mouse Model |
| - | in-vivo, | Melanoma, | U266 | - | in-vivo, | Melanoma, | RPMI-8226 |
| 8584- | FS, | Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Cancer Properties of Flaxseed |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 8589- | FS, | Flaxseed Lignans as Important Dietary Polyphenols for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Targets |
| - | Study, | Var, | NA |
| 8600- | FSO, | doxoR, | Combining doxorubicin with a phenolic extract from flaxseed oil: Evaluation of the effect on two breast cancer cell lines |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 |
| 7009- | Fuc, | Effects of Fucoidan and Chemotherapeutic Agent Combinations on Malignant and Non-malignant Breast Cell Lines |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF12A |
| 7006- | Fuc, | Seaweeds in the Oncology Arena: Anti-Cancer Potential of Fucoidan as a Drug—A Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1155- | Fuc, | The anti-cancer effects of fucoidan: a review of both in vivo and in vitro investigations |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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