ROS Cancer Research Results

ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species: Click to Expand ⟱
Source: HalifaxProj (inhibit)
Type:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that contain oxygen and can lead to oxidative stress in cells. They play a dual role in cancer biology, acting as both promoters and suppressors of cancer.
ROS can cause oxidative damage to DNA, leading to mutations that may contribute to cancer initiation and progression. So normally you want to inhibit ROS to prevent cell mutations.
However excessive ROS can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells, potentially limiting tumor growth. Chemotherapy typically raises ROS.
-mitochondria is the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (and the ETC is heavily related)

"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are two electron reduction products of oxygen, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxides, protein peroxides and peroxides formed in nucleic acids 1. They are maintained in a dynamic balance by a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions in biological systems and act as signaling molecules to drive cellular regulatory pathways."
"During different stages of cancer formation, abnormal ROS levels play paradoxical roles in cell growth and death 8. A physiological concentration of ROS that maintained in equilibrium is necessary for normal cell survival. Ectopic ROS accumulation promotes cell proliferation and consequently induces malignant transformation of normal cells by initiating pathological conversion of physiological signaling networks. Excessive ROS levels lead to cell death by damaging cellular components, including proteins, lipid bilayers, and chromosomes. Therefore, both scavenging abnormally elevated ROS to prevent early neoplasia and facilitating ROS production to specifically kill cancer cells are promising anticancer therapeutic strategies, in spite of their contradictoriness and complexity."
"ROS are the collection of derivatives of molecular oxygen that occur in biology, which can be categorized into two types, free radicals and non-radical species. The non-radical species are hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2 ), organic hydroperoxides (ROOH), singlet molecular oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), electronically excited carbonyl, ozone (O3 ), hypochlorous acid (HOCl, and hypobromous acid HOBr). Free radical species are super-oxide anion radical (O 2•−), hydroxyl radical (•OH), peroxyl radical (ROO•) and alkoxyl radical (RO•) [130]. Any imbalance of ROS can lead to adverse effects. H2 O 2 and O 2 •− are the main redox signalling agents. The cellular concentration of H2 O 2 is about 10−8 M, which is almost a thousand times more than that of O2 •−".
"Radicals are molecules with an odd number of electrons in the outer shell [393,394]. A pair of radicals can be formed by breaking a chemical bond or electron transfer between two molecules."

Recent investigations have documented that polyphenols with good antioxidant activity may exhibit pro-oxidant activity in the presence of copper ions, which can induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines but not in normal cells. "We have shown that such cell growth inhibition by polyphenols in cancer cells is reversed by copper-specific sequestering agent neocuproine to a significant extent whereas iron and zinc chelators are relatively ineffective, thus confirming the role of endogenous copper in the cytotoxic action of polyphenols against cancer cells. Therefore, this mechanism of mobilization of endogenous copper." > Ions could be one of the important mechanisms for the cytotoxic action of plant polyphenols against cancer cells and is possibly a common mechanism for all plant polyphenols. In fact, similar results obtained with four different polyphenolic compounds in this study, namely apigenin, luteolin, EGCG, and resveratrol, strengthen this idea.
Interestingly, the normal breast epithelial MCF10A cells have earlier been shown to possess no detectable copper as opposed to breast cancer cells [24], which may explain their resistance to polyphenols apigenin- and luteolin-induced growth inhibition as observed here (Fig. 1). We have earlier proposed [25] that this preferential cytotoxicity of plant polyphenols toward cancer cells is explained by the observation made several years earlier, which showed that copper levels in cancer cells are significantly elevated in various malignancies. Thus, because of higher intracellular copper levels in cancer cells, it may be predicted that the cytotoxic concentrations of polyphenols required would be lower in these cells as compared to normal cells."

Majority of ROS are produced as a by-product of oxidative phosphorylation, high levels of ROS are detected in almost all cancers.
-It is well established that during ER stress, cytosolic calcium released from the ER is taken up by the mitochondrion to stimulate ROS overgeneration and the release of cytochrome c, both of which lead to apoptosis.

Note: Products that may raise ROS can be found using this database, by:
Filtering on the target of ROS, and selecting the Effect Direction of ↑

Targets to raise ROS (to kill cancer cells):
• NADPH oxidases (NOX): NOX enzymes are involved in the production of ROS.
    -Targeting NOX enzymes can increase ROS levels and induce cancer cell death.
    -eNOX2 inhibition leads to a high NADH/NAD⁺ ratio which can lead to increased ROS
• Mitochondrial complex I: Inhibiting can increase ROS production
• P53: Activating p53 can increase ROS levels(by inducing the expression of pro-oxidant genes)
• Nrf2 inhibition: regulates the expression of antioxidant genes. Inhibiting Nrf2 can increase ROS levels
• Glutathione (GSH): an antioxidant. Depleting GSH can increase ROS levels
• Catalase: Catalase converts H2O2 into H2O+O. Inhibiting catalase can increase ROS levels
• SOD1: converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide. Inhibiting SOD1 can increase ROS levels
• PI3K/AKT pathway: regulates cell survival and metabolism. Inhibiting can increase ROS levels
• HIF-1α inhibition: regulates genes involved in metabolism and angiogenesis. Inhibiting HIF-1α can increase ROS
• Glycolysis: Inhibiting glycolysis can increase ROS levels • Fatty acid oxidation: Cancer cells often rely on fatty acid oxidation for energy production.
-Inhibiting fatty acid oxidation can increase ROS levels
• ER stress: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can increase ROS levels
• Autophagy: process by which cells recycle damaged organelles and proteins.
-Inhibiting autophagy can increase ROS levels and induce cancer cell death.
• KEAP1/Nrf2 pathway: regulates the expression of antioxidant genes.
    -Inhibiting KEAP1 or activating Nrf2 can increase ROS levels and induce cancer cell death.
• DJ-1: regulates the expression of antioxidant genes. Inhibiting DJ-1 can increase ROS levels
• PARK2: regulates the expression of antioxidant genes. Inhibiting PARK2 can increase ROS levels
• SIRT1 inhibition:regulates the expression of antioxidant genes. Inhibiting SIRT1 can increase ROS levels
• AMPK activation: regulates energy metabolism and can increase ROS levels when activated.
• mTOR inhibition: regulates cell growth and metabolism. Inhibiting mTOR can increase ROS levels
• HSP90 inhibition: regulates protein folding and can increase ROS levels when inhibited.
• Proteasome: degrades damaged proteins. Inhibiting the proteasome can increase ROS levels
• Lipid peroxidation: a process by which lipids are oxidized, leading to the production of ROS.
    -Increasing lipid peroxidation can increase ROS levels
• Ferroptosis: form of cell death that is regulated by iron and lipid peroxidation.
    -Increasing ferroptosis can increase ROS levels
• Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP): regulates mitochondrial permeability.
    -Opening the mPTP can increase ROS levels
• BCL-2 family proteins: regulate apoptosis and can increase ROS levels when inhibited.
• Caspase-independent cell death: a form of cell death that is regulated by ROS.
    -Increasing caspase-independent cell death can increase ROS levels
• DNA damage response: regulates the repair of DNA damage. Increasing DNA damage can increase ROS
• Epigenetic regulation: process by which gene expression is regulated.
    -Increasing epigenetic regulation can increase ROS levels

-PKM2, but not PKM1, can be inhibited by direct oxidation of cysteine 358 as an adaptive response to increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)

ProOxidant Strategy:(inhibit the Mevalonate Pathway (likely will also inhibit GPx)
-HydroxyCitrate (HCA) found as supplement online and typically used in a dose of about 1.5g/day or more
-Atorvastatin typically 40-80mg/day, -Dipyridamole typically 200mg 2x/day Combined effect research
-Lycopene typically 100mg/day range (note debatable as it mainly lowers NRF2)

Dual Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and their Application in Cancer Therapy 
ROS-Inducing Interventions in Cancer — Canonical + Mechanistic Reference
-generated from AI and Cancer database
ROS rating:  +++ strong | ++ moderate | + weak | ± mixed | 0 none
NRF2:        ↓ suppressed | ↑ activated | ± mixed | 0 none
Conditions:  [D] dose  [Fe] metal  [M] metabolic  [O₂] oxygen
             [L] light [F] formulation [T] tumor-type [C] combination




Item ROS↑ NRF2 Condition Mechanism Class Remarks 



ROS">Piperlongumine
+++ ↓ [D][T] ROS-dominant






ROS">Shikonin
+++↓/±[D][T]ROS-dominant






ROS">Vitamin K3 (menadione)
+++↓[D]ROS-dominant






ROS">Copper (ionic / nano)
+++↓[Fe][F]ROS-dominant






ROS">Sodium Selenite
+++↓[D]ROS-dominant






ROS">Juglone
+++↓[D]ROS-dominant






ROS">Auranofin
+++↓[D]ROS-dominant






ROS">Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
+++0[L][O₂]ROS-dominant






ROS">Radiotherapy / Radiation
+++0[O₂]ROS-dominant






ROS">Doxorubicin
+++↓[D]ROS-dominant






ROS">Cisplatin
++↓[D][T]ROS-dominant






ROS">Salinomycin
++↓[D][T]ROS-dominant






ROS">Artemisinin / DHA
++↓[Fe][T]ROS-dominant






ROS">Sulfasalazine
++↓[C][T]ROS-dominant






ROS">FMD / fasting
++↓[M][C][O₂]ROS-dominant






ROS">Vitamin C (pharmacologic)
++↓[Fe][D]ROS-dominant






ROS">Silver nanoparticles
++±[F][D]ROS-dominant






ROS">Gambogic acid
++↓[D][T]ROS-dominant






ROS">Parthenolide
++↓[D][T]ROS-dominant






ROS">Plumbagin
++↓[D]ROS-dominant






ROS">Allicin
++↓[D]ROS-dominant






ROS">Ashwagandha (Withaferin A)
++↓[D][T]ROS-dominant






ROS">Berberine
++↓[D][M]ROS-dominant






ROS">PEITC
++↓[D][C]ROS-dominant






ROS">Methionine restriction
+↓[M][C][T]ROS-secondary






ROS">DCA
+±[M][T]ROS-secondary






ROS">Capsaicin
+±[D][T]ROS-secondary






ROS">Galloflavin
+0[D]ROS-secondary






ROS">Piperine
+±[D][F]ROS-secondary






ROS">Propyl gallate
+↓[D]ROS-secondary






ROS">Scoulerine
+?[D][T]ROS-secondary






ROS">Thymoquinone
±±[D][T]Dual redox






ROS">Emodin
±±[D][T]Dual redox






ROS">Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA)
±↑[D][M]NRF2-dominant






ROS">Curcumin
±↑/↓[D][F]NRF2-dominant






ROS">EGCG
±↑/↓[D][O₂]NRF2-dominant






ROS">Quercetin
±↑/↓[D][Fe]NRF2-dominant






ROS">Resveratrol
±↑[D][M]NRF2-dominant






ROS">Sulforaphane
±↑↑[D]NRF2-dominant






ROS">Lycopene
0↑—Antioxidant






ROS">Rosmarinic acid
0↑—Antioxidant






ROS">Citrate
00—Neutral


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
6153- CoQ10,    High levels of ubidecarenone (oxidized CoQ10) delivered using a drug-lipid conjugate nanodispersion (BPM31510) differentially affect redox status and growth in malignant glioma versus non-tumor cells
- vitro+vivo, GBM, U251
eff↑, selectivity↑, ROS↑, OS↑, TumCCA↑,
6152- CoQ10,  doxoR,    Phase I Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Dose-Finding Study of Coenzyme Q10 on Doxorubicin Pharmacokinetics during Breast Cancer Treatment
- Trial, BC, NA
eff↝, CardioT↝, ROS↝, ROS↝, ROS↓,
4257- CoQ10,    Dietary intake of coenzyme Q10 reduces oxidative stress in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study
- Trial, Stroke, NA
*MDA↓, *IL6↓, *SOD↑, *BDNF↑, *ROS↓, *Inflam↓, *neuroP↑,
4761- CoQ10,    Elevated levels of mitochondrial CoQ10 induce ROS-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
- in-vitro, PC, NA - in-vivo, PC, NA
*ETC↝, ROS↑, *antiOx↑, ROS↑, OCR↓, MMP↓, TumCD↑, TumCG↓, other↝,
4762- CoQ10,    The role of coenzyme Q10 as a preventive and therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers
- Review, Var, NA
*AntiCan↓, *ROS↓, chemoPv↑, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, TumCP↓, angioG↓, MMPs↓, ChemoSen∅,
4764- CoQ10,  VitE,    Auxiliary effect of trolox on coenzyme Q10 restricts angiogenesis and proliferation of retinoblastoma cells via the ERK/Akt pathway
- in-vitro, RPE, Y79 - in-vitro, Nor, ARPE-19 - in-vivo, NA, NA
tumCV↓, Apoptosis↑, ROS↑, MMP↓, TumCCA↑, VEGF↓, ERK↓, Akt↓, ChemoSen↑, chemoP↑, toxicity↓, angioG↓,
4768- CoQ10,    Role of coenzymes in cancer metabolism
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓, *ROS↓, AntiCan↑, TumMeta↓, ROS↑, TumCG↓, Apoptosis↑, TumMeta↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, TumCG↓, selectivity↑, RadioS↑, ChemoSen↑, H2O2↓, MMP2↓, cardioP↑, ChemoSen∅, Dose↝,
4769- CoQ10,    CoQ10 Is Key for Cellular Energy and Cancer Support
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓, TumCG↓, angioG↓, TumCD↑, *toxicity↓, *BioAv↑, MMPs↓, Inflam↓, chemoP↑, cardioP↑, *ROS↓, *toxicity↝, Dose?,
4771- CoQ10,    Coenzyme Q10 Protects Astrocytes from ROS-Induced Damage through Inhibition of Mitochondria-Mediated Cell Death Pathway
- Review, Var, NA
*ROS↓,
4772- CoQ10,    The anti-tumor activities of coenzyme Q0 through ROS-mediated autophagic cell death in human triple-negative breast cells
- in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-468 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231
TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, Casp3↑, cl‑PARP↑, LC3II↑, eff↓, TumCG↓, Bax:Bcl2↑, Beclin-1↑, TumAuto↑, ROS↑,
4773- CoQ10,    Coenzyme Q10 inhibits the activation of pancreatic stellate cells through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
- in-vitro, Nor, NA
*other↓, *PI3K↑, *Akt↑, *mTOR↑, *ROS↓,
4776- CoQ10,    Antitumor properties of Coenzyme Q0 against human ovarian carcinoma cells via induction of ROS-mediated apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy
- vitro+vivo, Ovarian, SKOV3
ROS↑, eff↓, AntiCan↑, Apoptosis↑, tumCV↓, TumCG↓, TumCCA↑, LC3s↑, ERStress↑, Beclin-1↑, Bax:Bcl2↑, HER2/EBBR2↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓,
6373- CPLE,    Anticancer Activity of Phytochemicals of the Papaya Plant Assessed: A Narrative Review
- Review, Var, NA
chemoPv↑, TumCP↓, angioG↓, TumMeta↓, ROS↑, Dose↝,
6375- CPLE,    Beneficial Role of Carica papaya Extracts and Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Related Diseases: A Mini Review
- Review, Var, NA
*antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *Inflam↓, *AntiDiabetic↑, *neuroP↑, *Wound Healing↑, *GSH↑, *MDA↓, *DNAdam↓,
5780- CRMs,  HCAs,  RES,  Sper,  ASA  Caloric Restriction Mimetics against Age-Associated Disease: Targets, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential
- Review, Var, NA
*OS↑, *AntiAge↑, *cardioP↑, *neuroP↑, AntiCan↑, *TNF-α↓, *Weight↓, *BP↓, *Inflam↓, *Insulin↓, *ROS↓, *AMPK↑, *mTOR↓, *SIRT1↑, CRM↑,
5801- CRMs,  Chemo,    Caloric Restriction Enhances Chemotherapy Efficacy and Reshapes Stress Responses in Sarcoma
- in-vivo, sarcoma, NA
TumCG↓, *hepatoP↑, *ROS↓, *OS↑, ChemoSen↑, chemoPv↑, selectivity↑, *DNAdam↓,
6181- Cro,    Crocetin: A Systematic Review
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA
cardioP↑, hepatoP↑, *neuroP↑, AntiCan↑, *AntiDiabetic↑, *memory↑, *BioAv↓, *ROS↓, Apoptosis↑, *lipid-P↓, *SOD↑, SOD↓, ERα/ESR1↓, HDAC2↓, TumCCA↑, Bax:Bcl2↑, IL6↓, IL8↓, Shh↓, COX2↑, *GSK‐3β↓, *ERK↓, *tau↓, *ROS↓, *GSTs↑, *Catalase↑, *SOD↑, *BioAv↑,
6315- Cro,    Functional Mechanisms of Dietary Crocin Protection in Cardiovascular Models under Oxidative Stress
- in-vivo, NA, NA
*cardioP↑, *Inflam↓, *antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *AntiCan↑, *memory↑, *NF-kB↓, *TLR1↓, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *lipid-P↓, *DNAdam↓, PTEN↓, MMP↓,
6314- Cro,    Crocin promotes ferroptosis in gastric cancer via the Nrf2/GGTLC2 pathway
- in-vitro, GC, NA
TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, Apoptosis↓, antiOx↓, Ferroptosis↑, NRF2↑, P53↑, TumCCA↑, ChemoSen↑, EMT↓, Hif1a↓, ROS↑,
6313- Cro,    Crocetin and related oxygen diffusion‐enhancing compounds: Review of chemical synthesis, pharmacology, clinical development, and novel therapeutic applications
- Review, Covid, NA - Review, Var, NA - Review, Stroke, NA
RadioS↑, *other↑, *other↑, *OCR↑, *neuroP↑, ChemoSen↑, ROS↑,
6309- Cro,    Crocin exerts anti-tumor effect in colon cancer cells via repressing the JaK pathway
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116
tumCV↓, TumCP↓, Ki-67↓, Apoptosis↓, Inflam↓, ROS↑, MMP↓, JAK2↓, STAT3↓, ERK↓, MIP2↓, IL6↓, MCP1↓, IL8↓, IL1β↓, TNF-α↓, SOD↓, Catalase↓, GSH↓, ROS↑, mtDam↑,
6300- Cro,    Interaction of saffron and its constituents with Nrf2 signaling pathway: A review
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, Arthritis, NA
*antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *AntiTum↑, *hepatoP↑, *cardioP↑, *neuroP↑, *NRF2↑, *NF-kB↓, *iNOS↓, *COX2↓, *IL6↓, *IL10↓, *IL1β↓, *TNF-α↓, *HO-1↑, ROS↑, NQO1↑, NRF2↑, HO-1↑, NQO2↑, LDHA↓, ATP↓, *hepatoP↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *GPx↑, *NRF2↑, *ROS↓, *cardioP↑, *ER Stress↓, *GRP78/BiP↓, *CHOP↓, *Apoptosis↓, *miR-34a↓, *SIRT1↑, chemoP↑,
6299- Cro,    Protective Effects of Crocetin on Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Hepatic Injury: Involvement of Suppression in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Through Activation of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Rats
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*ALAT↓, *AST↓, *ALP↓, *MDA↓, *ROS↓, *Catalase↑, *SOD↑, *IL6↓, *IL1β↓, *TNF-α↓, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *NADPH↑, *NQO1↑, *hepatoP↑, *GSH↑,
6298- Cro,    Crocetin Prevents RPE Cells from Oxidative Stress through Protection of Cellular Metabolic Function and Activation of ERK1/2
- in-vitro, AMD, RPE-1
*ATP↑, *antiOx↑, *ROS↓,
6293- Cro,    Crocetin: an agent derived from saffron for prevention and therapy for cancer
- Review, Var, NA
*toxicity↓, *lipid-P↓, *neuroP↑, *BloodF↑, *BP↓, *RenoP↑, *ATP↑, AntiCan↑, TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, lipid-P↓, ROS↓, GSTs↑, Catalase↑, SOD↑,
3624- Cro,    Crocus Sativus L. (Saffron) in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: Bioactive Effects on Cognitive Impairment
- Review, AD, NA
*AChE↓, *memory↑, *cognitive↑, *MDA↑, *Thiols↑, *GPx↑, *antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *Casp3↓, *neuroP↑, *SOD↑, *Ach↑, *ChAT↑, *BBB↑, *Aβ↓, *tau↓, *cognitive↑, *Inflam↓,
3627- Cro,    The effects of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituents on nervous system: A review
- Review, AD, NA - Review, Stroke, NA
*other↑, *monoA↑, *Aβ↓, *AChE↓, *cognitive↑, *neuroP↑, *lipid-P↓, *SOD↑, *ROS↓, *GPx↑, *MDA↓, *memory↑, *antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *other↓, *ER Stress↓,
3628- Cro,  VitE,  CUR,    Vitamin E, Turmeric and Saffron in Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *lipid-P↓, *Aβ↓, *AChE↓, *cognitive↑, *Inflam↓,
3631- Cro,    Investigation of the neuroprotective effects of crocin via antioxidant activities in HT22 cells and in mice with Alzheimer's disease
- in-vitro, AD, HT22 - in-vivo, AD, NA
*ROS↓, *Ca+2↓, *BAX↓, *BAD↓, *Casp3↓, *cognitive↑, *memory↑, *Aβ↓, *GPx↑, *SOD↑, *ChAT↑, *Ach↑, *AChE↓, *ROS↓, *p‑Akt↑, *p‑mTOR↑, *neuroP↑,
3635- Cro,    A Review of Potential Efficacy of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Cognitive Dysfunction and Seizures
- Review, NA, NA
*memory↑, *cognitive↑, *BioAv↑, *ROS↓, *IL1↓, *TNF-α↓, *NF-kB↓, *neuroP↑, *lipid-P↓, *Thiols↑, *antiOx↑, *AChE↓, *MAOA↝, *SIRT1↑, *PGC-1α↑, *Ach↑,
6521- CRV,    L-carvone induces p53, caspase 3 mediated apoptosis and inhibits the migration of breast cancer cell lines
- in-vitro, BC, MCF7 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231 - in-vitro, Nor, MCF10
TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, Apoptosis↑, TumCCA↑, DNAdam↑, ROS↑, GSH↑, P53↑, BAD↑, cl‑Casp3↑, cl‑PARP↑, Apoptosis↑,
6524- CRV,    d-Carvone inhibits the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway and induced the apoptotic cell death in the human gastric cancer AGS cells
- in-vitro, GC, AGS
ROS↑, MMP↝, JAK↓, STAT3↓, TumCD↑,
6525- CRV,    D-carvone induced ROS mediated apoptotic cell death in human leukemic cell lines (Molt-4)
- in-vitro, AML, NA
tumCV↓, ROS↑, antiOx↓, MMP↓, Apoptosis↑, Casp8↑, Casp9↑, Casp3↑, *neuroP↑, AntiCan↑, *AntiArt↑, TBARS↑, SOD↓, GSH↓, Catalase↓,
6528- CRV,    D-carvone inhibits growth, migration, cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induces apoptosis in A431 cells by disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential
- in-vitro, Melanoma, A431
Apoptosis↑, ROS↑, MMP↓, TumCCA↑, TumCP↓,
6531- CRV,    D-carvone attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury via TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in rats
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*TRAF1↓, *IL1β↓, *TNF-α↓, *ROS↓, *MDA↓, *GSH↑, *SOD↑, *Inflam↓, *NRF2↑, *Bcl-2↑, *IL8↓, *antiOx↑,
6529- CRV,    D-Carvone Attenuates CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and TGF-ß 1/SMAD3 Signaling Pathway
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*ALAT↓, *AST↓, *MDA↓, *SOD↑, *GSH↑, *TAC↑, *eff↑, *TGF-β1↓, *SMAD3↓, *MMP9↑, *NRF2↑, *antiOx↑, *hepatoP↑, *Inflam↓, *NF-kB↓, *NO↓, *cAMP↑, *ROS↓,
6176- Cu,    Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Mitochondria Mediated Apoptosis in Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
ROS↑, P53↑, MMP↓, Bax:Bcl2↑, Apoptosis↑, *Bacteria↓, MDA↑, GSH↓, eff↓, Casp3↑,
6177- Cu,    Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles: a review study
- Review, Nor, NA
*ROS↑, *Inflam↑, *toxicity↑, lipid-P↑, GSH↓, MDA↑, *SOD↓, *Catalase↓,
6171- Cu,    Copper in the tumor microenvironment and tumor metastasis
- Review, Var, NA
*angioG↑, other↑, *ROS↑, CTR1↝, other↝, COX17↝, ATOX1↝,
6182- Cu,    Role of cuproptosis in digestive system tumors (Review)
- Review, Var, NA
Cupro↑, TumCG↓, Apoptosis↑, ROS↑, Ferroptosis↑, ETC↓, MMP↓, Ca+2↑, Fenton↑, lipid-P↑, MPT↑, ATP↓, Cyt‑c↑, Casp↑, angioG↑, TumCP↑, TumCMig↑, TumCI↑, TumMeta↑, DDS↑, eff↑,
6183- Cu,    Copper(II) oxide nanoparticles penetrate into HepG2 cells, exert cytotoxicity via oxidative stress and induce pro-inflammatory response
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
ROS↑, MAPK↑, ERK↑, AP-1↑,
1601- Cu,    The copper (II) complex of salicylate phenanthroline induces immunogenic cell death of colorectal cancer cells through inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress
- in-vitro, CRC, NA
i-CRT↓, ICD↑, i-ATP↓, i-HMGB1↓, ER Stress↑, ROS↑, DCells↑, CD8+↑, IL12↑, IFN-γ↑, TGF-β↓,
1639- Cu,  HCAs,    Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using sinapic acid: an underpinning step towards antiangiogenic therapy for breast cancer
- in-vitro, BC, MCF7 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231
angioG↓, tumCV↓, Dose↓, ROS↑,
1604- Cu,    Targeting copper metabolism: a promising strategy for cancer treatment
- Review, NA, NA
eff↓, eff↓, ROS↑, eff↑,
1603- Cu,  BP,  SDT,    Glutathione Depletion-Induced ROS/NO Generation for Cascade Breast Cancer Therapy and Enhanced Anti-Tumor Immune Response
- in-vitro, BC, 4T1 - in-vivo, NA, NA
GSH↓, Fenton↑, ROS↑, NO↑, sonoS↑, eff↑, NO↑, *toxicity∅, eff?,
1602- Cu,    A simultaneously GSH-depleted bimetallic Cu(ii) complex for enhanced chemodynamic cancer therapy†
- in-vitro, BC, MCF7 - in-vitro, BC, 4T1 - in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
eff↑, GSH↓, H2O2↑, ROS↑, *BioAv↑, selectivity↑, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, Fenton↑, *toxicity?,
1600- Cu,    Cu(II) complex that synergistically potentiates cytotoxicity and an antitumor immune response by targeting cellular redox homeostasis
- Review, NA, NA
ER Stress↑, ROS↑, AntiTum↑, GSH↓, Ferroptosis↑, selectivity↑, GSH/GSSG↓, *ROS∅, eff↑,
1599- Cu,    Copper in tumors and the use of copper-based compounds in cancer treatment
- Review, NA, NA
ROS↑, RadioS↑,
1569- Cu,    Copper Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Anticancer Agents
- Review, NA, NA
Dose∅, Dose∅, ROS↑,
1570- Cu,    Development of copper nanoparticles and their prospective uses as antioxidants, antimicrobials, anticancer agents in the pharmaceutical sector
- Review, NA, NA
selectivity↑, antiOx↑, ROS↑, eff↑, GSH↓, lipid-P↑, Catalase↓, SOD↓, other↑,

Showing Research Papers: 801 to 850 of 2396
Prev Page 17 of 48 Next

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 2396

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↓, 2,   antiOx↑, 1,   Catalase↓, 3,   Catalase↑, 1,   Fenton↑, 3,   Ferroptosis↑, 3,   GSH↓, 8,   GSH↑, 1,   GSH/GSSG↓, 1,   GSTs↑, 1,   H2O2↓, 1,   H2O2↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 1,   ICD↑, 1,   lipid-P↓, 1,   lipid-P↑, 3,   MDA↑, 2,   NQO1↑, 1,   NRF2↑, 2,   ROS↓, 2,   ROS↑, 29,   ROS↝, 2,   SOD↓, 4,   SOD↑, 1,   TBARS↑, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↓, 2,   i-ATP↓, 1,   COX17↝, 1,   ETC↓, 1,   MMP↓, 8,   MMP↝, 1,   MPT↑, 1,   mtDam↑, 1,   OCR↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

CRM↑, 1,   LDHA↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Akt↓, 2,   Apoptosis↓, 2,   Apoptosis↑, 14,   BAD↑, 1,   Bax:Bcl2↑, 4,   Casp↑, 1,   Casp3↑, 3,   cl‑Casp3↑, 1,   Casp8↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 1,   Cupro↑, 1,   Cyt‑c↑, 1,   Ferroptosis↑, 3,   MAPK↑, 1,   TumCD↑, 3,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

HER2/EBBR2↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

other↑, 2,   other↝, 2,   sonoS↑, 1,   tumCV↓, 5,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

i-CRT↓, 1,   ER Stress↑, 2,   ERStress↑, 1,   NQO2↑, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

Beclin-1↑, 2,   LC3II↑, 1,   LC3s↑, 1,   TumAuto↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↑, 1,   P53↑, 3,   cl‑PARP↑, 2,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

TumCCA↑, 9,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

EMT↓, 1,   ERK↓, 2,   ERK↑, 1,   HDAC2↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 1,   PTEN↓, 1,   Shh↓, 1,   STAT3↓, 2,   TumCG↓, 8,   Wnt↓, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

AP-1↑, 1,   ATOX1↝, 1,   Ca+2↑, 1,   Ki-67↓, 1,   MMP2↓, 1,   MMPs↓, 2,   TGF-β↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 1,   TumCI↑, 1,   TumCMig↓, 2,   TumCMig↑, 1,   TumCP↓, 8,   TumCP↑, 1,   TumMeta↓, 3,   TumMeta↑, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↓, 5,   angioG↑, 1,   Hif1a↓, 1,   NO↑, 2,   VEGF↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

CTR1↝, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

COX2↑, 1,   DCells↑, 1,   i-HMGB1↓, 1,   IFN-γ↑, 1,   IL12↑, 1,   IL1β↓, 1,   IL6↓, 2,   IL8↓, 2,   Inflam↓, 2,   JAK↓, 1,   JAK2↓, 1,   MCP1↓, 1,   MIP2↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors(tgid=20) ⓘ

ERα/ESR1↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

ChemoSen↑, 5,   ChemoSen∅, 2,   DDS↑, 1,   Dose?, 1,   Dose↓, 1,   Dose↝, 2,   Dose∅, 2,   eff?, 1,   eff↓, 5,   eff↑, 7,   eff↝, 1,   RadioS↑, 3,   selectivity↑, 6,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ERα/ESR1↓, 1,   HER2/EBBR2↓, 1,   IL6↓, 2,   Ki-67↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 6,   AntiTum↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 3,   CardioT↝, 1,   chemoP↑, 3,   chemoPv↑, 3,   hepatoP↑, 1,   OS↑, 1,   Risk↓, 2,   toxicity↓, 1,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

CD8+↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 143

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


NA, unassigned(tgid=0) ⓘ

AntiArt↑, 1,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 11,   Catalase↓, 1,   Catalase↑, 3,   GPx↑, 4,   GSH↑, 4,   GSTs↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 3,   lipid-P↓, 6,   MDA↓, 6,   MDA↑, 1,   NQO1↑, 1,   NRF2↑, 6,   ROS↓, 23,   ROS↑, 2,   ROS∅, 1,   SOD↓, 1,   SOD↑, 10,   TAC↑, 1,   Thiols↑, 2,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↑, 2,   ETC↝, 1,   Insulin↓, 1,   OCR↑, 1,   PGC-1α↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AMPK↑, 1,   cAMP↑, 1,   NADPH↑, 1,   SIRT1↑, 3,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Akt↑, 1,   p‑Akt↑, 1,   Apoptosis↓, 1,   BAD↓, 1,   BAX↓, 1,   Bcl-2↑, 1,   Casp3↓, 2,   iNOS↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

Ach↑, 3,   other↓, 2,   other↑, 3,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

CHOP↓, 1,   ER Stress↓, 2,   GRP78/BiP↓, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↓, 3,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

ERK↓, 1,   GSK‐3β↓, 1,   miR-34a↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 1,   mTOR↑, 1,   p‑mTOR↑, 1,   PI3K↑, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

Ca+2↓, 1,   MMP9↑, 1,   SMAD3↓, 1,   TGF-β1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↑, 1,   NO↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

BBB↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

COX2↓, 1,   IL1↓, 1,   IL10↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 3,   IL6↓, 3,   IL8↓, 1,   Inflam↓, 10,   Inflam↑, 1,   NF-kB↓, 4,   TLR1↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 5,   TRAF1↓, 1,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission(tgid=18) ⓘ

AChE↓, 5,   BDNF↑, 1,   ChAT↑, 2,   MAOA↝, 1,   monoA↑, 1,   tau↓, 2,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

Aβ↓, 4,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 1,   BioAv↑, 4,   eff↑, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   ALP↓, 1,   AST↓, 2,   BloodF↑, 1,   BP↓, 2,   IL6↓, 3,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiAge↑, 1,   AntiCan↓, 1,   AntiCan↑, 1,   AntiDiabetic↑, 2,   AntiTum↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 4,   cognitive↑, 6,   hepatoP↑, 5,   memory↑, 6,   neuroP↑, 12,   OS↑, 2,   RenoP↑, 1,   toxicity?, 1,   toxicity↓, 2,   toxicity↑, 1,   toxicity↝, 1,   toxicity∅, 1,   Weight↓, 1,   Wound Healing↑, 1,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

Bacteria↓, 1,  
Total Targets: 107

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
122 Silver-NanoParticles
99 Curcumin
94 Quercetin
88 Magnetic Fields
74 Thymoquinone
56 Resveratrol
55 Shikonin
54 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
50 Berberine
50 Sulforaphane (mainly Broccoli)
49 Radiotherapy/Radiation
47 Lycopene
45 EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate)
43 Baicalein
42 Alpha-Lipoic-Acid
40 Selenite (Sodium)
40 Ashwagandha(Withaferin A)
40 Piperlongumine
39 Selenium NanoParticles
38 Artemisinin
37 Betulinic acid
36 Hydrogen Gas
34 Rosmarinic acid
33 Capsaicin
32 Silymarin (Milk Thistle) silibinin
29 Propolis -bee glue
29 Fisetin
28 Copper and Cu NanoParticles
28 Apigenin (mainly Parsley)
27 Chemotherapy
27 Honokiol
26 Allicin (mainly Garlic)
25 doxorubicin
25 Phenethyl isothiocyanate
24 Luteolin
24 Magnetic Field Rotating
23 Chrysin
23 Emodin
22 Cisplatin
22 Vitamin K2
21 Chlorogenic acid
21 Gambogic Acid
20 Coenzyme Q10
20 chitosan
20 Juglone
18 Boron
17 salinomycin
17 Parthenolide
16 Urolithin
15 Ellagic acid
15 Eugenol
14 Photodynamic Therapy
14 Auranofin
14 Boswellia (frankincense)
14 Carnosic acid
14 Carvacrol
14 Selenium
14 Crocetin
14 Phenylbutyrate
13 Dichloroacetate
13 Dandelion Root
13 Pterostilbene
12 Melatonin
12 Caffeic acid
12 VitK3,menadione
11 5-fluorouracil
11 Astaxanthin
11 Cinnamon
11 Graviola
11 Piperine
10 Beta-Caryophyllene
10 α-Bisabolol / Chamomile oil
10 Ursolic acid
10 diet FMD Fasting Mimicking Diet
10 Ferulic acid
10 Plumbagin
10 Nimbolide
9 SonoDynamic Therapy UltraSound
9 Andrographis
9 D-limonene
9 Bacopa monnieri
9 borneol
9 Centella asiatica / Gotu kola → asiaticoside
9 Diclofenac
8 Hydroxycinnamic-acid
8 Disulfiram
8 Electrical Pulses
8 Sulfasalazine
8 Hyperthermia
8 Methylene blue
8 Moringa oleifera
8 Propyl gallate
7 3-bromopyruvate
7 Gemcitabine (Gemzar)
7 EMF
7 Gold NanoParticles
7 Metformin
7 immunotherapy
7 Berbamine
7 brusatol
7 Carnosine
7 Celastrol
7 diet Methionine-Restricted Diet
7 eicosapentaenoic acid
7 HydroxyTyrosol
6 2-DeoxyGlucose
6 Anethole/trans-Anethole
6 Docetaxel
6 Biochanin A
6 Butyrate
6 Chlorophyllin
6 Citric Acid
6 Carvone
6 Aflavin-3,3′-digallate
5 1,8-Cineole
5 Brucea javanica
5 Bromelain
5 erastin
5 Thymol-Thymus vulgaris
5 Chocolate
5 Cichoric acid / Chicoric acid
5 Spermidine
5 Huperzine A/Huperzia serrata
5 Date Fruit Extract
5 Docosahexaenoic Acid
5 Garcinol
5 HydroxyCitric Acid
5 Magnolol
5 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
5 Rutin
4 chemodynamic therapy
4 Zinc
4 Vitamin E
4 Cucurbitacin
4 diet Short Term Fasting
4 Geraniol
4 γ-linolenic acid (Borage Oil)
4 Linalool
4 Magnesium
4 Naringin
4 Taurine
3 5-Aminolevulinic acid
3 Anthocyanins
3 Glucose
3 temozolomide
3 Black phosphorus
3 Paclitaxel
3 Catechins
3 Choline
3 Dihydrocaffeic Acid
3 Oxygen, Hyperbaric
3 Shilajit/Fulvic Acid
3 Ginkgo biloba
3 Orlistat
3 MCToil
3 Methylsulfonylmethane
3 Mushroom Lion’s Mane
3 Oleuropein
3 α-Santalol/Sandalwood oil
3 Shankhpushpi
3 Terpinen-4-ol / Tea Tree Oil
3 Turmerones
3 Vitamin B1/Thiamine
2 5-Hydroxytryptophan
2 Astragalus
2 DTS(dibenzyl trisulphide) from Anamu
2 Fennel Oil/Foeniculum vulgare
2 Aromatherapy
2 Ascorbyl Palmitate
2 Atorvastatin
2 Aloe anthraquinones
2 beta-glucans
2 Baicalin
2 xanthohumol
2 Cannabidiol
2 beta-carotene(VitA)
2 Bufalin/Huachansu
2 Bruteridin(bergamot juice)
2 Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE)
2 Cat’s Claw
2 Carica papaya leaf extract
2 Calorie Restriction Mimetics
2 Galantamine
2 CUSP9
2 Folic Acid, Vit B9
2 Fenbendazole
2 Galloflavin
2 Potassium
2 Methyl Jasmonate
2 Methylglyoxal
2 Myricetin
2 Vitamin B3,Niacin
2 Niclosamide (Niclocide)
2 Pachymic acid
2 Sanguinarine
2 Psoralidin
2 Radio Frequency
2 Sesame seeds and Oil
2 Iron
2 Salvia miltiorrhiza
2 Vitamin D3
1 cetuximab
1 entinostat
1 Camptothecin
1 Resiquimod
1 Anzaroot, Astragalus fasciculifolius Bioss
1 Ajoene (compound of Garlic)
1 Acetyl-l-carnitine
1 alpha Linolenic acid
1 Anti-oxidants
1 Sorafenib (brand name Nexavar)
1 tamoxifen
1 almonertinib
1 epirubicin
1 Lapatinib
1 Ras-selective lethal 3
1 Celecoxib
1 methotrexate
1 Aspirin
1 Rivastigmine
1 methylseleninic acid
1 Cyclopamine
1 Cysteamine
1 Dichloroacetophenone(2,2-)
1 Deguelin
1 diet Fermented Foods
1 diet Ketogenic
1 diet Plant based
1 Lemongrass Extract/Citral
1 Echinacea
1 Cannabichromene
1 Exercise
1 Fucoidan
1 Gallic acid
1 verapamil
1 hydroxychloroquine
1 Ginseng
1 hydrogen sulfide
1 Rapamycin
1 Ivermectin
1 lambertianic acid
1 Myrrh
1 N-Acetyl-Cysteine
1 No Product/Mechanism Only
1 Oleocanthal
1 sericin
1 Kaempferol
1 benzo(a)pyrene
1 Hyperoside
1 Perilla
1 Salvia officinalis
1 Oxaliplatin
1 Scoulerine
1 polyethylene glycol
1 acetaminophen
1 Formononetin
1 Silicic Acid
1 Squalene
1 Osimertinib
1 Adagrasib
1 Glutathione
1 statins
1 Safflower yellow
1 triptolide
1 Vitamin A, Retinoic Acid
1 Vitamin B12
1 Vitamin B2,Riboflavin
1 Vitamin B5,Pantothenic Acid
1 glucose deprivation
1 Transarterial Chemoembolization
1 probiotics
1 Zinc Oxide
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:%  Target#:275  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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