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| Also known as CP32. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) is a common key protein in the apoptosis and pyroptosis pathways, and when activated, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene Gasdermin E (GSDME) determines the mechanism of tumor cell death. As a key protein of apoptosis, caspase-3 can also cleave GSDME and induce pyroptosis. Loss of caspase activity is an important cause of tumor progression. Many anticancer strategies rely on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells as a means to shrink tumors. Crucial for apoptotic function are executioner caspases, most notably caspase-3, that proteolyze a variety of proteins, inducing cell death. Paradoxically, overexpression of procaspase-3 (PC-3), the low-activity zymogen precursor to caspase-3, has been reported in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, this counterintuitive overexpression of a pro-apoptotic protein in cancer has been puzzling. Recent studies suggest subapoptotic caspase-3 activity may promote oncogenic transformation, a possible explanation for the enigmatic overexpression of PC-3. Herein, the overexpression of PC-3 in cancer and its mechanistic basis is reviewed; collectively, the data suggest the potential for exploitation of PC-3 overexpression with PC-3 activators as a targeted anticancer strategy. Caspase 3 is the main effector caspase and has a key role in apoptosis. In many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer, caspase-3 expression is reduced or absent. On the other hand, some studies have shown that high levels of caspase-3 expression can be associated with a better prognosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. This suggests that caspase-3 may play a role in the elimination of cancer cells, and that therapies aimed at activating caspase-3 may be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Procaspase-3 is a apoptotic marker protein. Prognostic significance: • High Cas3 expression: Associated with good prognosis and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancers. • Low Cas3 expression: Linked to poor prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. |
| 2287- | AgNPs, | Silver nanoparticles induce endothelial cytotoxicity through ROS-mediated mitochondria-lysosome damage and autophagy perturbation: The protective role of N-acetylcysteine |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HUVECs |
| 9219- | AITC, | Sensitivity of allyl isothiocyanate to induce apoptosis via ER stress and the mitochondrial pathway upon ROS production in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HT-29 |
| 9220- | AITC, | Allyl isothiocyanate arrests cancer cells in mitosis, and mitotic arrest in turn leads to apoptosis via Bcl-2 protein phosphorylation |
| - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | NA |
| 9222- | AITC, | The principal urinary metabolite of allyl isothiocyanate, N-acetyl-S-(N-allylthiocarbamoyl)cysteine, inhibits the growth and muscle invasion of bladder cancer |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Bladder, | UMUC3 |
| 9224- | AITC, | Allyl Isothiocyanate (AITC) Induces Apoptotic Cell Death In Vitro and Exhibits Anti-Tumor Activity in a Human Glioblastoma GBM8401/ luc2 Model |
| - | vitro+vivo, | GBM, | NA |
| 9229- | AITC, | Allyl isothiocyanate as a cancer chemopreventive phytochemical |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 9235- | AITC, | Anticancer Activity, Mechanism, and Delivery of Allyl Isothiocyanate |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5341- | Ajoene, | Ajoene (natural garlic compound): a new anti-leukaemia agent for AML therapy |
| - | Review, | AML, | NA |
| 5168- | AL, | Allicin (from garlic) induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Var, | NA |
| 245- | AL, | Allicin: a promising modulator of apoptosis and survival signaling in cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 246- | AL, | Allicin induces apoptosis of the MGC-803 human gastric carcinoma cell line through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/caspase-3 signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | MGC803 |
| 249- | AL, | Allicin induces apoptosis of the MGC-803 human gastric carcinoma cell line through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/caspase-3 signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | MGC803 |
| 251- | AL, | Inhibition of allicin in Eca109 and EC9706 cells via G2/M phase arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | Eca109 | - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | EC9706 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 254- | AL, | Allicin and Cancer Hallmarks |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 255- | AL, | Allicin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro via modulating the p53 pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 241- | AL, | Role of p38 MAPK activation and mitochondrial cytochrome-c release in allicin-induced apoptosis in SK-N-SH cells |
| - | in-vitro, | neuroblastoma, | SK-N-SH |
| 239- | AL, | Allicin induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 |
| 234- | AL, | Allicin Induces Anti-human Liver Cancer Cells through the p53 Gene Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | Hep3B |
| 233- | AL, | 5-FU, | Allicin sensitizes hepatocellular cancer cells to anti-tumor activity of 5-fluorouracil through ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway |
| - | in-vivo, | Liver, | NA |
| 2655- | AL, | Allicin and Digestive System Cancers: From Chemical Structure to Its Therapeutic Opportunities |
| - | Review, | GC, | NA |
| 2660- | AL, | Allicin: A review of its important pharmacological activities |
| - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA | - | Review, | Stroke, | NA |
| 3448- | ALA, | Alpha lipoic acid attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptosis, inflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress via inhibition of TRPA1 channel in human glioblastoma cell line |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | NA |
| 3550- | ALA, | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Beneficial or Harmful in Alzheimer's Disease? |
| - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 3541- | ALA, | Insights on alpha lipoic and dihydrolipoic acids as promising scavengers of oxidative stress and possible chelators in mercury toxicology |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 277- | ALA, | α-lipoic acid modulates prostate cancer cell growth and bone cell differentiation |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | 22Rv1 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | C4-2B |
| 278- | ALA, | The Multifaceted Role of Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Cancer Prevention, Occurrence, and Treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 296- | ALA, | Lipoic acid inhibits cell proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo |
| - | vitro+vivo, | neuroblastoma, | SK-N-SH | - | vitro+vivo, | BC, | SkBr3 |
| 304- | ALA, | alpha-Lipoic acid induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by increasing mitochondrial respiration with a concomitant O2-*-generation |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HT-29 |
| 258- | ALA, | Effects of α-lipoic acid on cell proliferation and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 5320- | ALC, | l-Carnitine: An adequate supplement for a multi-targeted anti-wasting therapy in cancer |
| - | in-vivo, | Var, | NA |
| 1253- | aLinA, | The Antitumor Effects of α-Linolenic Acid |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 7407- | Amla, | Functional and Nutraceutical Significance of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.): A Review |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 7399- | Amla, | Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention by Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6597- | Anamu, | Dibenzyl trisulfide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of HN30 cells via Akt/ p53 signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | HNSCC, | HN30 | - | in-vitro, | Tong, | SCC25 |
| 1078- | And, | Andrographolide inhibits breast cancer through suppressing COX-2 expression and angiogenesis via inactivation of p300 signaling and VEGF pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HUVECs | - | in-vivo, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | T47D | - | in-vitro, | BC, | BT549 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-361 |
| 1351- | And, | MLT, | Impact of Andrographolide and Melatonin Combinatorial Drug Therapy on Metastatic Colon Cancer Cells and Organoids |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | T84 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | COLO205 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HT-29 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | DLD1 |
| 6396- | ANE, | FEO, | Anethole Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Prostate Cancer Cells via Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 |
| 6398- | ANE, | trans-Anethole Abrogates Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis through the Mitochondrial-Mediated Pathway in Human Osteosarcoma Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | MG63 |
| 6399- | ANE, | Anethole attenuates lung cancer progression by regulating the proliferation and apoptosis through AKT and STAT3 signaling |
| - | vitro+vivo, | NSCLC, | A549 |
| 6406- | ANE, | Anethole induces anti-oral cancer activity by triggering apoptosis, autophagy and oxidative stress and by modulation of multiple signaling pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Oral, | Ca9-22 |
| 6887- | Ang, | Medicinal properties of Angelica archangelica root extract: Cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells and its protective effects against in vivo tumor development |
| - | in-vivo, | BC, | 4T1 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 |
| 1301- | Api, | Bcl-2 inhibitor and apigenin worked synergistically in human malignant neuroblastoma cell lines and increased apoptosis with activation of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | neuroblastoma, | NA |
| 1553- | Api, | Role of Apigenin in Cancer Prevention via the Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1548- | Api, | A comprehensive view on the apigenin impact on colorectal cancer: Focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms |
| - | Review, | Colon, | NA |
| 1536- | Api, | Apigenin causes necroptosis by inducing ROS accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ATP depletion in malignant mesothelioma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | MM, | MSTO-211H | - | in-vitro, | MM, | H2452 |
| 1560- | Api, | Apigenin as an anticancer agent |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1563- | Api, | MET, | Metformin-induced ROS upregulation as amplified by apigenin causes profound anticancer activity while sparing normal cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HDFa | - | in-vitro, | PC, | AsPC-1 | - | in-vitro, | PC, | MIA PaCa-2 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | DU145 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | LNCaP | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 584- | Api, | Cisplatin, | Apigenin potentiates the antitumor activity of 5-FU on solid Ehrlich carcinoma: Crosstalk between apoptotic and JNK-mediated autophagic cell death platforms |
| - | in-vivo, | Var, | NA |
| 586- | Api, | 5-FU, | 5-Fluorouracil combined with apigenin enhances anticancer activity through mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm)-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma |
| - | in-vivo, | HCC, | NA |
| 591- | Api, | doxoR, | Polyphenols act synergistically with doxorubicin and etoposide in leukaemia cell lines |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | Jurkat | - | in-vitro, | AML, | THP1 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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