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| Cytochrome c ** The term "release of cytochrome c" ** an increase in level for the cytosol. Small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The term "release of cytochrome c" refers to a critical step in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In its new location—the cytosol—cytochrome c participates in the apoptotic signaling pathway by helping to form the apoptosome, which activates caspases that execute cell death. Cytochrome c is a small protein normally located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its primary role in healthy cells is to participate in the electron transport chain, a process that helps produce energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability leads to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The release of cytochrome c is a pivotal event in apoptosis where cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria to the cytosol, initiating a chain reaction that leads to programmed cell death. On the one hand, cytochrome c can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by regulating the activity of various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. This can lead to increased cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, which are hallmarks of cancer. On the other hand, cytochrome c can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with other proteins, such as Apaf-1 and caspase-9. This can lead to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which can result in the death of cancer cells. Overexpressed in Breast, Lung, Colon, and Prostrate. Underexpressed in Ovarian, and Pancreatic. |
| 5739- | Buty, | Butyrate as a promising therapeutic target in cancer: From pathogenesis to clinic (Review) |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5836- | CAP, | In vitro and in vivo induction of apoptosis by capsaicin in pancreatic cancer cells is mediated through ROS generation and mitochondrial death pathway |
| - | vitro+vivo, | PC, | AsPC-1 | - | in-vitro, | PC, | Bxpc-3 |
| 5835- | CAP, | Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin induce apoptosis in human glioma cells via ROS and Ca2+-mediated mitochondrial pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U251 |
| 5831- | CAP, | Unraveling TRPV1’s Role in Cancer: Expression, Modulation, and Therapeutic Opportunities with Capsaicin |
| 5826- | CAP, | Capsaicin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells via TRPV1-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload |
| - | in-vitro, | Thyroid, | NA |
| 5861- | CAP, | Anticancer Properties of Capsaicin Against Human Cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5858- | CAP, | Capsaicin as a Microbiome Modulator: Metabolic Interactions and Implications for Host Health |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 2012- | CAP, | Capsaicin induces cytotoxicity in human osteosarcoma MG63 cells through TRPV1-dependent and -independent pathways |
| - | NA, | OS, | MG63 |
| 2014- | CAP, | Role of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Complexes in Capsaicin Mediated Oxidative Stress Leading to Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | Bxpc-3 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HPDE-6 | - | in-vivo, | PC, | AsPC-1 |
| 2019- | CAP, | Capsaicin: A Two-Decade Systematic Review of Global Research Output and Recent Advances Against Human Cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5887- | CAR, | TV, | Antitumor Effects of Carvacrol and Thymol: A Systematic Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5880- | CAR, | In vitro and in vivo antitumor potential of carvacrol nanoemulsion against human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells via mitochondrial mediated apoptosis |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | BEAS-2B | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | PC9 |
| 5907- | CAR, | Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of carvacrol on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG-2 |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 |
| 5903- | CAR, | TV, | Combined Cytotoxic Effects of Carvacrol-Based Essential Oil Formulations |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 5898- | CAR, | Carvacrol-induced apoptosis via tumor suppressor gene activation and oxidative stress modulation in a rat model of breast cancer |
| - | in-vivo, | BC, | NA |
| 5894- | CAR, | Targeting Gastrointestinal Cancers with Carvacrol: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5893- | CAR, | TV, | Thymol and Carvacrol: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Synergy With Conventional Therapies in Cancer Management |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1287- | CAR, | Carvacrol induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via Bcl-2/CytC signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | HCC1937 |
| 5914- | Cats, | Induction of apoptosis by Uncaria tomentosa through reactive oxygen species production, cytochrome c release, and caspases activation in human leukemia cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 5943- | Cela, | Celastrol: A Spectrum of Treatment Opportunities in Chronic Diseases |
| - | Review, | Arthritis, | NA | - | Review, | IBD, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA |
| 5948- | Cela, | Recent Trends in anti-tumor mechanisms and molecular targets of celastrol |
| 6069- | CHL, | PDT, | Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 2807- | CHr, | Evidence-based mechanistic role of chrysin towards protection of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2795- | CHr, | Combination of chrysin and cisplatin promotes the apoptosis of Hep G2 cells by up-regulating p53 |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 |
| 2780- | CHr, | Anti-cancer Activity of Chrysin in Cancer Therapy: a Systematic Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2782- | CHr, | Broad-Spectrum Preclinical Antitumor Activity of Chrysin: Current Trends and Future Perspectives |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | Stroke, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA |
| 2783- | CHr, | Apoptotic Effects of Chrysin in Human Cancer Cell Lines |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2785- | CHr, | Emerging cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying anticancer indications of chrysin |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1585- | Citrate, | Sodium citrate targeting Ca2+/CAMKK2 pathway exhibits anti-tumor activity through inducing apoptosis and ferroptosis in ovarian cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | SKOV3 | - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | A2780S | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HEK293 |
| 1572- | Cu, | Recent Advances in Cancer Therapeutic Copper-Based Nanomaterials for Antitumor Therapy |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| 1981- | CUR, | Mitochondrial targeted curcumin exhibits anticancer effects through disruption of mitochondrial redox and modulation of TrxR2 activity |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | NA |
| 3580- | CUR, | Curcumin Acts as Post-protective Effects on Rat Hippocampal Synaptosomes in a Neuronal Model of Aluminum-Induced Toxicity |
| - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 15- | CUR, | UA, | Effects of curcumin and ursolic acid in prostate cancer: A systematic review |
| - | Review, | Pca, | NA |
| 484- | CUR, | PDT, | Low concentrations of curcumin induce growth arrest and apoptosis in skin keratinocytes only in combination with UVA or visible light |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 481- | CUR, | CHr, | Api, | Flavonoid-induced glutathione depletion: Potential implications for cancer treatment |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 | - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 432- | CUR, | Curcumin-Induced Global Profiling of Transcriptomes in Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H446 |
| 444- | CUR, | Cisplatin, | LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 is a key factor in the reversal effect of curcumin on cisplatin resistance in the colorectal cancer cells |
| - | vitro+vivo, | CRC, | HCT8 |
| 4652- | CUR, | Anticancer effect of curcumin on breast cancer and stem cells |
| - | Review, | BC, | NA |
| 2821- | CUR, | Antioxidant curcumin induces oxidative stress to kill tumor cells (Review) |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5196- | DCA, | Dichloroacetate induces apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Var, | NA |
| 4901- | DCA, | Sal, | Dichloroacetate and Salinomycin as Therapeutic Agents in Cancer |
| - | Review, | NSCLC, | NA |
| 1605- | EA, | Ellagic Acid and Cancer Hallmarks: Insights from Experimental Evidence |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1621- | EA, | The multifaceted mechanisms of ellagic acid in the treatment of tumors: State-of-the-art |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1606- | EA, | Ellagic acid inhibits proliferation and induced apoptosis via the Akt signaling pathway in HCT-15 colon adenocarcinoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HCT15 |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | NA | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 3238- | EGCG, | Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3201- | EGCG, | Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological Properties, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| 3205- | EGCG, | The Role of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS)-Induced Apoptosis of Human Diseas |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG |
| 1516- | EGCG, | Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological Properties, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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