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| Cytochrome c ** The term "release of cytochrome c" ** an increase in level for the cytosol. Small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The term "release of cytochrome c" refers to a critical step in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In its new location—the cytosol—cytochrome c participates in the apoptotic signaling pathway by helping to form the apoptosome, which activates caspases that execute cell death. Cytochrome c is a small protein normally located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its primary role in healthy cells is to participate in the electron transport chain, a process that helps produce energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability leads to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The release of cytochrome c is a pivotal event in apoptosis where cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria to the cytosol, initiating a chain reaction that leads to programmed cell death. On the one hand, cytochrome c can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by regulating the activity of various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. This can lead to increased cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, which are hallmarks of cancer. On the other hand, cytochrome c can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with other proteins, such as Apaf-1 and caspase-9. This can lead to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which can result in the death of cancer cells. Overexpressed in Breast, Lung, Colon, and Prostrate. Underexpressed in Ovarian, and Pancreatic. |
| 432- | CUR, | Curcumin-Induced Global Profiling of Transcriptomes in Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H446 |
| 444- | CUR, | Cisplatin, | LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 is a key factor in the reversal effect of curcumin on cisplatin resistance in the colorectal cancer cells |
| - | vitro+vivo, | CRC, | HCT8 |
| 15- | CUR, | UA, | Effects of curcumin and ursolic acid in prostate cancer: A systematic review |
| - | Review, | Pca, | NA |
| 6215- | CUR, | Curcumin: biochemistry, pharmacology, advanced drug delivery systems, and its epigenetic role in combating cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6219- | CUR, | Natural Products and Altered Metabolism in Cancer: Therapeutic Targets and Mechanisms of Action |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6720- | CUR, | SFN, | DHCA, | Synergistic Combinations of Curcumin, Sulforaphane, and Dihydrocaffeic Acid against Human Colon Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HT29 | - | in-vitro, | Colon, | Caco-2 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | FHC |
| 7450- | CYN, | Cynaropicrin Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis by Inhibiting PKM2 to Cause DNA Damage and Mitochondrial Fission in A549 Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | BEAS-2B |
| 7444- | CYN, | The Sesquiterpene Lactone Cynaropicrin Manifests Strong Cytotoxicity in Glioblastoma Cells U-87 MG by Induction of Oxidative Stress |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG |
| 6681- | DCA, | Dichloroacetate (DCA) in Cancer Care |
| 5196- | DCA, | Dichloroacetate induces apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Var, | NA |
| 4901- | DCA, | Sal, | Dichloroacetate and Salinomycin as Therapeutic Agents in Cancer |
| - | Review, | NSCLC, | NA |
| 6707- | DFC, | Markers of mitochondrial dysfunction during the diclofenac-induced apoptosis in melanoma cell lines |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 6689- | DFC, | Diclofenac-Induced Apoptosis in the Neuroblastoma Cell Line SH-SY5Y: Possible Involvement of the Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase |
| - | in-vitro, | neuroblastoma, | SH-SY5Y |
| 6290- | DL, | Induction of apoptosis by d-limonene is mediated by a caspase-dependent mitochondrial death pathway in human leukemia cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | K562 | - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 6269- | DL, | Induction of apoptosis by D-limonene is mediated by inactivation of Akt in LS174T human colon cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | LS174T |
| 6280- | DL, | Biochemical significance of limonene and its metabolites: future prospects for designing and developing highly potent anticancer drugs |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6350- | DRE, | Tracking Evidences of Dandelion for the Treatment of Cancer: From Chemical Composition, Bioactivity, Signaling Pathways in Cancer Cells to Perspective Study |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6353- | DRE, | Cisplatin, | Insights Into Protective Mechanisms of Dandelion Leaf Extract Against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats: Role of Inhibitory Effect on Inflammatory and Apoptotic Pathways |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 6363- | DRE, | Therapeutic Potential of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Root Extract in Colon Cancer: A Comprehensive Review |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | NA |
| 1605- | EA, | Ellagic Acid and Cancer Hallmarks: Insights from Experimental Evidence |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1621- | EA, | The multifaceted mechanisms of ellagic acid in the treatment of tumors: State-of-the-art |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1606- | EA, | Ellagic acid inhibits proliferation and induced apoptosis via the Akt signaling pathway in HCT-15 colon adenocarcinoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HCT15 |
| 3238- | EGCG, | Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3201- | EGCG, | Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological Properties, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| 3205- | EGCG, | The Role of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS)-Induced Apoptosis of Human Diseas |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG |
| 1516- | EGCG, | Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological Properties, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | NA | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 1327- | EMD, | Emodin induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cells through a reactive oxygen species-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 1321- | EMD, | Antitumor effects of emodin on LS1034 human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo: roles of apoptotic cell death and LS1034 tumor xenografts model |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | LS1034 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 1328- | EMD, | Emodin induces apoptosis of human tongue squamous cancer SCC-4 cells through reactive oxygen species and mitochondria-dependent pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Tong, | SCC4 |
| 1329- | EMD, | Aloe-emodin induces cell death through S-phase arrest and caspase-dependent pathways in human tongue squamous cancer SCC-4 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Tong, | SCC4 |
| 1296- | EMD, | Emodin inhibits LOVO colorectal cancer cell proliferation via the regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and cytochrome c |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | LoVo |
| 1330- | EMD, | Aloe emodin-induced apoptosis in t-HSC/Cl-6 cells involves a mitochondria-mediated pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | NA, | NA |
| 6819- | EMD, | Recent advances in the therapeutic potential of emodin for human health |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 6823- | EMD, | Role of emodin to prevent gastrointestinal cancers: recent trends and future prospective |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6832- | EMD, | Emodin induces apoptosis of human cervical cancer hela cells via intrinsic mitochondrial and extrinsic death receptor pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 6836- | EMD, | Emodin and the Anthraquinone Scaffold: Therapeutic Promise and Strategies to Overcome Translational Barriers |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 3460- | EP, | Picosecond pulsed electric fields induce apoptosis in HeLa cells via the endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-dependent signaling pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 5519- | EP, | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields (nsPEFs) for Precision Intracellular Oncotherapy: Recent Advances and Emerging Directions |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6576- | EU, | Eurycomanone induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells via up-regulation of p53 |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HepG2 |
| 6586- | EU, | Unfermented Freeze-Dried Leaf Extract of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines |
| 6390- | Eug, | Molecular mechanisms of eugenol as an antitumour bioactive compound: A comprehensive review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6389- | Eug, | Molecular Insights into the Management of Eugenol's Anticancer Action Against Colon Cancer: A Detailed Review |
| - | Review, | Colon, | NA |
| 6336- | Eug, | Eugenol induces apoptosis and inhibits invasion and angiogenesis in a rat model of gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNNG |
| - | in-vivo, | GC, | NA |
| 6333- | Eug, | Cisplatin, | Rad, | Eugenol Exerts Apoptotic Effect and Modulates the Sensitivity of HeLa Cells to Cisplatin and Radiation |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 6331- | Eug, | Eugenol-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells via PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a Pathway Inhibition |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 6330- | Eug, | Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Eugenol in Cancer: Recent Trends and Advancement |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6840- | EVO, | Evodiamine Induces G2/M Arrest and Apoptosis via Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum Pathways in H446 and H1688 Human Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H446 | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H1688 |
| 6839- | EVO, | Activation of JNK Contributes to Evodiamine-Induced Apoptosis and G2/M Arrest in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells: A Structure-Activity Study of Evodiamine |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | COLO205 | - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HT29 |
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