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| Cytochrome c ** The term "release of cytochrome c" ** an increase in level for the cytosol. Small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The term "release of cytochrome c" refers to a critical step in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In its new location—the cytosol—cytochrome c participates in the apoptotic signaling pathway by helping to form the apoptosome, which activates caspases that execute cell death. Cytochrome c is a small protein normally located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its primary role in healthy cells is to participate in the electron transport chain, a process that helps produce energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability leads to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The release of cytochrome c is a pivotal event in apoptosis where cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria to the cytosol, initiating a chain reaction that leads to programmed cell death. On the one hand, cytochrome c can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by regulating the activity of various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. This can lead to increased cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, which are hallmarks of cancer. On the other hand, cytochrome c can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with other proteins, such as Apaf-1 and caspase-9. This can lead to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which can result in the death of cancer cells. Overexpressed in Breast, Lung, Colon, and Prostrate. Underexpressed in Ovarian, and Pancreatic. |
| 6290- | DL, | Induction of apoptosis by d-limonene is mediated by a caspase-dependent mitochondrial death pathway in human leukemia cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | K562 | - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 6269- | DL, | Induction of apoptosis by D-limonene is mediated by inactivation of Akt in LS174T human colon cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | LS174T |
| 6280- | DL, | Biochemical significance of limonene and its metabolites: future prospects for designing and developing highly potent anticancer drugs |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6350- | DRE, | Tracking Evidences of Dandelion for the Treatment of Cancer: From Chemical Composition, Bioactivity, Signaling Pathways in Cancer Cells to Perspective Study |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6363- | DRE, | Therapeutic Potential of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Root Extract in Colon Cancer: A Comprehensive Review |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | NA |
| 6353- | DRE, | Cisplatin, | Insights Into Protective Mechanisms of Dandelion Leaf Extract Against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats: Role of Inhibitory Effect on Inflammatory and Apoptotic Pathways |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 1605- | EA, | Ellagic Acid and Cancer Hallmarks: Insights from Experimental Evidence |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1621- | EA, | The multifaceted mechanisms of ellagic acid in the treatment of tumors: State-of-the-art |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1606- | EA, | Ellagic acid inhibits proliferation and induced apoptosis via the Akt signaling pathway in HCT-15 colon adenocarcinoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HCT15 |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | NA | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 3238- | EGCG, | Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3201- | EGCG, | Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological Properties, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| 3205- | EGCG, | The Role of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS)-Induced Apoptosis of Human Diseas |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG |
| 1516- | EGCG, | Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological Properties, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| 1327- | EMD, | Emodin induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cells through a reactive oxygen species-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 1321- | EMD, | Antitumor effects of emodin on LS1034 human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo: roles of apoptotic cell death and LS1034 tumor xenografts model |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | LS1034 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 1328- | EMD, | Emodin induces apoptosis of human tongue squamous cancer SCC-4 cells through reactive oxygen species and mitochondria-dependent pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Tong, | SCC4 |
| 1329- | EMD, | Aloe-emodin induces cell death through S-phase arrest and caspase-dependent pathways in human tongue squamous cancer SCC-4 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Tong, | SCC4 |
| 1296- | EMD, | Emodin inhibits LOVO colorectal cancer cell proliferation via the regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and cytochrome c |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | LoVo |
| 1330- | EMD, | Aloe emodin-induced apoptosis in t-HSC/Cl-6 cells involves a mitochondria-mediated pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | NA, | NA |
| 5519- | EP, | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields (nsPEFs) for Precision Intracellular Oncotherapy: Recent Advances and Emerging Directions |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3460- | EP, | Picosecond pulsed electric fields induce apoptosis in HeLa cells via the endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-dependent signaling pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 6336- | Eug, | Eugenol induces apoptosis and inhibits invasion and angiogenesis in a rat model of gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNNG |
| - | in-vivo, | GC, | NA |
| 6333- | Eug, | Cisplatin, | Rad, | Eugenol Exerts Apoptotic Effect and Modulates the Sensitivity of HeLa Cells to Cisplatin and Radiation |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 6331- | Eug, | Eugenol-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells via PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a Pathway Inhibition |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 6330- | Eug, | Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Eugenol in Cancer: Recent Trends and Advancement |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6390- | Eug, | Molecular mechanisms of eugenol as an antitumour bioactive compound: A comprehensive review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6389- | Eug, | Molecular Insights into the Management of Eugenol's Anticancer Action Against Colon Cancer: A Detailed Review |
| - | Review, | Colon, | NA |
| 2496- | Fenb, | Impairment of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway by Methyl N-(6-Phenylsulfanyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate Leads to a Potent Cytotoxic Effect in Tumor Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | NSCLC, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | NSCLC, | H460 |
| 2852- | FIS, | A comprehensive view on the fisetin impact on colorectal cancer in animal models: Focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms |
| - | Review, | CRC, | NA |
| 2857- | FIS, | A review on the chemotherapeutic potential of fisetin: In vitro evidences |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2844- | FIS, | Fisetin, a dietary flavonoid induces apoptosis via modulating the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways in human osteosarcoma (U-2 OS) cells |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | U2OS |
| 2845- | FIS, | Fisetin: A bioactive phytochemical with potential for cancer prevention and pharmacotherapy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2825- | FIS, | Exploring the molecular targets of dietary flavonoid fisetin in cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2827- | FIS, | The Potential Role of Fisetin, a Flavonoid in Cancer Prevention and Treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2828- | FIS, | Fisetin, a Potent Anticancer Flavonol Exhibiting Cytotoxic Activity against Neoplastic Malignant Cells and Cancerous Conditions: A Scoping, Comprehensive Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2829- | FIS, | Fisetin: An anticancer perspective |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2838- | FIS, | Fisetin induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by suppressing autophagy and down-regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) |
| 2839- | FIS, | Dietary flavonoid fisetin for cancer prevention and treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2843- | FIS, | Fisetin and Quercetin: Promising Flavonoids with Chemopreventive Potential |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2832- | FIS, | Fisetin's Promising Antitumor Effects: Uncovering Mechanisms and Targeting for Future Therapies |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 4028- | FulvicA, | Mineral pitch induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation via modulating reactive oxygen species in hepatic cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HUH7 |
| 1086- | GA, | Anti-leukemic effects of gallic acid on human leukemia K562 cells: downregulation of COX-2, inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase and NF-κB inactivation |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | K562 |
| 5152- | GamB, | Gambogic Acid as a Candidate for Cancer Therapy: A Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1959- | GamB, | Gambogic acid induces GSDME dependent pyroptotic signaling pathway via ROS/P53/Mitochondria/Caspase-3 in ovarian cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | NA | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 1967- | GamB, | Gambogic acid induces apoptotic cell death in T98G glioma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | T98G |
| 1969- | GamB, | Gambogic acid promotes apoptosis and resistance to metastatic potential in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 823- | GAR, | Garcinol Potentiates TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis through Modulation of Death Receptors and Antiapoptotic Proteins |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 |
| 831- | GAR, | CUR, | Induction of apoptosis by garcinol and curcumin through cytochrome c release and activation of caspases in human leukemia HL-60 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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