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| Also known as CP32. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) is a common key protein in the apoptosis and pyroptosis pathways, and when activated, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene Gasdermin E (GSDME) determines the mechanism of tumor cell death. As a key protein of apoptosis, caspase-3 can also cleave GSDME and induce pyroptosis. Loss of caspase activity is an important cause of tumor progression. Many anticancer strategies rely on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells as a means to shrink tumors. Crucial for apoptotic function are executioner caspases, most notably caspase-3, that proteolyze a variety of proteins, inducing cell death. Paradoxically, overexpression of procaspase-3 (PC-3), the low-activity zymogen precursor to caspase-3, has been reported in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, this counterintuitive overexpression of a pro-apoptotic protein in cancer has been puzzling. Recent studies suggest subapoptotic caspase-3 activity may promote oncogenic transformation, a possible explanation for the enigmatic overexpression of PC-3. Herein, the overexpression of PC-3 in cancer and its mechanistic basis is reviewed; collectively, the data suggest the potential for exploitation of PC-3 overexpression with PC-3 activators as a targeted anticancer strategy. Caspase 3 is the main effector caspase and has a key role in apoptosis. In many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer, caspase-3 expression is reduced or absent. On the other hand, some studies have shown that high levels of caspase-3 expression can be associated with a better prognosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. This suggests that caspase-3 may play a role in the elimination of cancer cells, and that therapies aimed at activating caspase-3 may be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Procaspase-3 is a apoptotic marker protein. Prognostic significance: • High Cas3 expression: Associated with good prognosis and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancers. • Low Cas3 expression: Linked to poor prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. |
| 6501- | BCP, | β-Caryophyllene promotes oxidative stress and apoptosis in KB cells through activation of mitochondrial-mediated pathway - An in-vitro and in-silico study |
| - | in-vitro, | Oral, | KB |
| 6504- | BCP, | β-Caryophyllene Induces PPARγ-Mediated Apoptosis and Enhances the Radiosensitivity in Colorectal Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | CT26 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 |
| 6509- | BCP, | βcaryophyllene oxide induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 5592- | BetA, | Betulin induces mitochondrial cytochrome c release associated apoptosis in human cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 | - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 5591- | BetA, | Advances and challenges in betulinic acid therapeutics and delivery systems for breast cancer prevention and treatment |
| - | Review, | BC, | NA |
| 2719- | BetA, | Betulinic Acid Restricts Human Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation In Vitro by Inducing Caspase-Dependent Cell Death and Cell Cycle Arrest, and Decreasing Metastatic Potential |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | T24/HTB-9 | - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | UMUC3 | - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | 5637 |
| 2718- | BetA, | The anti-cancer effect of betulinic acid in u937 human leukemia cells is mediated through ROS-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | U937 |
| 2717- | BetA, | Betulinic Acid Induces ROS-Dependent Apoptosis and S-Phase Arrest by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway in Human Multiple Myeloma |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | U266 | - | in-vivo, | Melanoma, | NA | - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | RPMI-8226 |
| 2722- | BetA, | Betulinic Acid for Cancer Treatment and Prevention |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2729- | BetA, | Betulinic acid in the treatment of tumour diseases: Application and research progress |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2733- | BetA, | Betulinic Acid Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Modulating ROS-Regulated p53 Signaling |
| - | in-vitro, | Oral, | KB | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2734- | BetA, | Betulinic Acid Modulates the Expression of HSPA and Activates Apoptosis in Two Cell Lines of Human Colorectal Cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | SW480 |
| 2755- | BetA, | Cytotoxic Potential of Betulinic Acid Fatty Esters and Their Liposomal Formulations: Targeting Breast, Colon, and Lung Cancer Cell Lines |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HT29 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H460 |
| 2744- | BetA, | Betulin and betulinic acid: triterpenoids derivatives with a powerful biological potential |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2752- | BetA, | Betulinic acid: a natural product with anticancer activity |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5722- | BF, | Bufalin exerts antitumor effects by inducing cell cycle arrest and triggering apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 |
| 5724- | BF, | A Novel Bufalin Derivative Exhibited Stronger Apoptosis-Inducing Effect than Bufalin in A549 Lung Cancer Cells and Lower Acute Toxicity in Mice |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Lung, | A549 |
| 5725- | BF, | TMZ, | Bufalin Induces Apoptosis and Improves the Sensitivity of Human Glioma Stem-Like Cells to Temozolamide |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | NA |
| 5726- | BF, | Bufalin exerts antitumor effects in neuroblastoma via the induction of reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis by targeting the electron transport chain |
| - | Review, | neuroblastoma, | SK-N-BE |
| 5728- | BF, | Effects of bufalin on the proliferation of human lung cancer cells and its molecular mechanisms of action |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 5720- | BF, | Acetyl-bufalin shows potent efficacy against non-small-cell lung cancer by targeting the CDK9/STAT3 signalling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | NSCLC, | NA |
| 9203- | BITC, | Benzyl isothiocyanate inhibits tumor growth and lung metastasis of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells in a BALB/c mouse xenograft model |
| - | vitro+vivo, | BC, | 4T1 |
| 9206- | BITC, | Inhibitory effects of benzyl isothiocyanate on the proliferation of prostate and breast cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | DU145 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | LNCaP |
| 9207- | BITC, | Benzyl isothiocyanate–induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is initiated by reactive oxygen species and regulated by Bax and Bak |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-10AT |
| 9211- | BITC, | Apoptosis induced by benzyl isothiocyanate in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells is associated with Akt/MAPK pathways and generation of reactive oxygen species |
| - | in-vitro, | NSCLC, | NA |
| 9182- | BITC, | Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) triggers mitochondria-mediated apoptotic machinery in human cisplatin-resistant oral cancer CAR cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Oral, | NA |
| 9178- | BITC, | Benzyl isothiocyanates modulate inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways on indomethacin-induced gastric injury in rats |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 9175- | BITC, | PEITC, | AITC, | Isothiocyanates in medicine: A comprehensive review on phenylethyl-, allyl-, and benzyl-isothiocyanates |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 9169- | BITC, | CNOT2 /c-Myc/STAT3 signaling is critically involved in glycolysis mediated apoptosis of benzyl isothiocyanate in hepatocellular carcinoma |
| - | in-vitro, | adrenal, | SK-HEP-1 | - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HUH7 |
| 9167- | BITC, | Oral administration of benzyl-isothiocyanate inhibits solid tumor growth and lung metastasis of 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells in BALB/c mice |
| - | vitro+vivo, | BC, | 4T1 |
| 9164- | BITC, | Benzyl isothiocyanate induces reactive oxygen species-initiated autophagy and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | 22Rv1 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 |
| 9163- | BITC, | Benzyl isothiocyanate-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis via activation of MAPK in human pancreatic cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | Capan1 |
| 9161- | BITC, | Benzyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is initiated by reactive oxygen species and regulated by Bax and Bak |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | NA, | MCF10 |
| 5688- | BJ, | Brucea Javanica Oil Emulsion Injection inhibits proliferation of pancreatic cancer via regulating apoptosis-related genes |
| - | vitro+vivo, | PC, | MIA PaCa-2 |
| 5686- | BJ, | BRU, | A review of Brucea javanica: metabolites, pharmacology and clinical application |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5692- | BJ, | Seed oil of Brucea javanica induces apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in acute lymphocytic leukemia Jurkat cells |
| - | vitro+vivo, | AML, | NA |
| 5483- | BM, | The Role of Bacopa monnieri in Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Use—A Review |
| - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 5680- | BML, | Anticancer properties of bromelain: State-of-the-art and recent trends |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5678- | BML, | Bromelain inhibits the ability of colorectal cancer cells to proliferate via activation of ROS production and autophagy |
| - | in-vivo, | CRC, | NA |
| 5683- | BML, | Bromelain inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of MAPK regulated NF-kappa B against skin tumor-initiation triggering mitochondrial death pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 5685- | BML, | The Therapeutic Effects of Bromelain against Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review |
| - | Review, | CRC, | NA |
| 5651- | BNL, | Cisplatin, | Natural borneol sensitizes human glioma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis by triggering ROS-mediated oxidative damage and regulation of MAPKs and PI3K/AKT pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U251 | - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG |
| 5652- | BNL, | Borneol promotes apoptosis of Human Glioma Cells through regulating HIF-1a expression via mTORC1/eIF4E pathway |
| - | vitro+vivo, | GBM, | NA |
| 5653- | BNL, | Borneol hinders the proliferation and induces apoptosis through the suppression of reactive oxygen species-mediated JAK1 and STAT-3 signaling in human prostate cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 |
| 5663- | BNL, | Osthole/borneol thermosensitive gel via intranasal administration enhances intracerebral bioavailability to improve cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice |
| - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 739- | Bor, | Borax regulates iron chaperone- and autophagy-mediated ferroptosis pathway in glioblastoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HMC3 |
| 740- | Bor, | Anti-cancer effect of boron derivatives on small-cell lung cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | DMS114 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MRC-5 |
| 742- | Bor, | In Vitro Effects of Boric Acid on Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and miRNAs in Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Thyroid, | NA |
| 744- | Bor, | Borax affects cellular viability by inducing ER stress in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting SLC12A5 |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HepG2 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HL7702 |
| 748- | Bor, | A Study on the Anticarcinogenic Effects of Calcium Fructoborate |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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