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| Also known as CP32. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) is a common key protein in the apoptosis and pyroptosis pathways, and when activated, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene Gasdermin E (GSDME) determines the mechanism of tumor cell death. As a key protein of apoptosis, caspase-3 can also cleave GSDME and induce pyroptosis. Loss of caspase activity is an important cause of tumor progression. Many anticancer strategies rely on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells as a means to shrink tumors. Crucial for apoptotic function are executioner caspases, most notably caspase-3, that proteolyze a variety of proteins, inducing cell death. Paradoxically, overexpression of procaspase-3 (PC-3), the low-activity zymogen precursor to caspase-3, has been reported in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, this counterintuitive overexpression of a pro-apoptotic protein in cancer has been puzzling. Recent studies suggest subapoptotic caspase-3 activity may promote oncogenic transformation, a possible explanation for the enigmatic overexpression of PC-3. Herein, the overexpression of PC-3 in cancer and its mechanistic basis is reviewed; collectively, the data suggest the potential for exploitation of PC-3 overexpression with PC-3 activators as a targeted anticancer strategy. Caspase 3 is the main effector caspase and has a key role in apoptosis. In many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer, caspase-3 expression is reduced or absent. On the other hand, some studies have shown that high levels of caspase-3 expression can be associated with a better prognosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. This suggests that caspase-3 may play a role in the elimination of cancer cells, and that therapies aimed at activating caspase-3 may be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Procaspase-3 is a apoptotic marker protein. Prognostic significance: • High Cas3 expression: Associated with good prognosis and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancers. • Low Cas3 expression: Linked to poor prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. |
| 5880- | CAR, | In vitro and in vivo antitumor potential of carvacrol nanoemulsion against human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells via mitochondrial mediated apoptosis |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | BEAS-2B | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | PC9 |
| 5907- | CAR, | Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of carvacrol on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG-2 |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 |
| 5901- | CAR, | Neuroprotective role of carvacrol in ischemic brain injury: a systematic review of preclinical evidence and proposed TRPM7 involvement |
| - | Review, | Stroke, | NA |
| 5897- | CAR, | Carvacrol Selectively Induces Mitochondria-Related Apoptotic Signaling in Primary Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | NA |
| 5894- | CAR, | Targeting Gastrointestinal Cancers with Carvacrol: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5893- | CAR, | TV, | Thymol and Carvacrol: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Synergy With Conventional Therapies in Cancer Management |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 5891- | CAR, | SRF, | Carvacrol enhances anti-tumor activity and mitigates cardiotoxicity of sorafenib in thioacetamide-induced hepatocellular carcinoma model through inhibiting TRPM7 |
| - | in-vivo, | HCC, | NA |
| 1287- | CAR, | Carvacrol induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via Bcl-2/CytC signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | HCC1937 |
| 5919- | Cats, | Cisplatin, | Uncaria tomentosa Leaves Decoction Modulates Differently ROS Production in Cancer and Normal Cells, and Effects Cisplatin Cytotoxicity |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 |
| 5914- | Cats, | Induction of apoptosis by Uncaria tomentosa through reactive oxygen species production, cytochrome c release, and caspases activation in human leukemia cells |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 5939- | Cela, | Chemo, | Celastrol inhibits proliferation and induces chemosensitization through down-regulation of NF-κB and STAT3 regulated gene products in multiple myeloma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | U266 | - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | RPMI-8226 |
| 5943- | Cela, | Celastrol: A Spectrum of Treatment Opportunities in Chronic Diseases |
| - | Review, | Arthritis, | NA | - | Review, | IBD, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA |
| 5948- | Cela, | Recent Trends in anti-tumor mechanisms and molecular targets of celastrol |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6615- | Cen, | Asiaticoside suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway in colorectal cancer |
| - | vitro+vivo, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | SW480 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | LoVo |
| 6656- | Cen, | Recent insights into therapeutic potential and nanostructured carrier systems of Centella asiatica: An evidence-based review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 6651- | Cen, | Study of the cytotoxicity of asiaticoside on rats and tumour cells |
| - | vitro+vivo, | BC, | MCF7 |
| 6652- | Cen, | AA-PMe, a novel asiatic acid derivative, induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 | - | in-vitro, | GC, | HGC27 |
| 6645- | Cen, | Can Asiatic Acid from Centella asiatica Be a Potential Remedy in Cancer Therapy?—A Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6017- | CGA, | Therapeutic Potential of Chlorogenic Acid in Chemoresistance and Chemoprotection in Cancer Treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6002- | CGA, | Chlorogenic Acid: A Systematic Review on the Biological Functions, Mechanistic Actions, and Therapeutic Potentials |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | Diabetic, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA | - | Review, | Stroke, | NA |
| 6009- | CGA, | Chlorogenic Acid: An In-Depth Review of Its Effectiveness in Cancer Treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6010- | CGA, | The Biological Activity Mechanism of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Applications in Food Industry: A Review |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 6012- | CGA, | Chlorogenic Acid as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Cholangiocarcinoma |
| - | in-vitro, | CCA, | HCC9810 |
| 1298- | CGA, | Chlorogenic acid regulates apoptosis and stem cell marker-related gene expression in A549 human lung cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 6654- | CGA, | Chlorogenic acid induces 4T1 breast cancer tumor's apoptosis via p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 signaling pathways in BALB/c mice |
| - | in-vivo, | BC, | 4T1 |
| 6630- | CGA, | In Vitro and In Silico Study on the Impact of Chlorogenic Acid in Colorectal Cancer Cells: Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Interaction with β-Catenin and LRP6 |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HT29 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | SW480 |
| 7180- | CHA, | Chaetocin: A review of its anticancer potentials and mechanisms |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 7185- | CHA, | Chaetocin-induced ROS-mediated apoptosis involves ATM–YAP1 axis and JNK-dependent inhibition of glucose metabolism |
| - | vitro+vivo, | GBM, | A172 | - | in-vitro, | GBM, | T98G | - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG |
| 7173- | CHA, | Natural compound chaetocin induced DNA damage and apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-dependent pathways in A549 lung cancer cells and in vitro evaluations |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 7166- | CHA, | Anti-leukemia activity of chaetocin via death receptor-dependent apoptosis and dual modulation of the histone methyl-transferase SUV39H1 |
| - | vitro+vivo, | AML, | U937 |
| 7164- | CHA, | Chaetocin induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species and the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, and exerts its anti-tumor activity in vivo |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Melanoma, | A375 |
| 7159- | CHA, | ROS-mediated inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is involved in the antigastric cancer effects of thioredoxin reductase-1 inhibitor chaetocin |
| - | vitro+vivo, | GC, | HGC27 | - | in-vitro, | GC, | AGS | - | in-vitro, | GC, | BGC-823 | - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HEK293 |
| 5994- | Chit, | Anticancer Activity of Chitosan, Chitosan Derivatives, and Their Mechanism of Action |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 4478- | Chit, | Chitosan promotes ROS-mediated apoptosis and S phase cell cycle arrest in triple-negative breast cancer cells: evidence for intercalative interaction with genomic DNA |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | T47D |
| 6130- | CHr, | Anticancer Properties of Chrysin on Colon Cancer Cells, In vitro and In vivo with Modulation of Caspase-3, -9, Bax and Sall4 |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Colon, | CT26 |
| 6128- | CHr, | Chrysin: A Comprehensive Review of Its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA | - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 6126- | CHr, | Chrysin induces cell apoptosis in human uveal melanoma cells via intrinsic apoptosis |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 2804- | CHr, | Rad, | Gamma-Irradiated Chrysin Improves Anticancer Activity in HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells Through Mitochondria-Related Pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HT29 |
| 2805- | CHr, | Chrysin serves as a novel inhibitor of DGKα/FAK interaction to suppress the malignancy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) |
| - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | KYSE150 | - | in-vivo, | ESCC, | NA |
| 2807- | CHr, | Evidence-based mechanistic role of chrysin towards protection of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2780- | CHr, | Anti-cancer Activity of Chrysin in Cancer Therapy: a Systematic Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2782- | CHr, | Broad-Spectrum Preclinical Antitumor Activity of Chrysin: Current Trends and Future Perspectives |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | Stroke, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA |
| 2783- | CHr, | Apoptotic Effects of Chrysin in Human Cancer Cell Lines |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2785- | CHr, | Emerging cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying anticancer indications of chrysin |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2786- | CHr, | Chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of chrysin in cancer: mechanistic perspectives |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2787- | CHr, | Network pharmacology unveils the intricate molecular landscape of Chrysin in breast cancer therapeutics |
| - | Analysis, | Var, | MCF7 |
| 2790- | CHr, | Chrysin: Pharmacological and therapeutic properties |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1144- | CHr, | 8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells involves ROS and JNK |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HepG2 | - | in-vitro, | HCC, | Bel-7402 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HL7702 |
| 1145- | CHr, | Chrysin inhibits propagation of HeLa cells by attenuating cell survival and inducing apoptotic pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 1249- | CHr, | Chrysin as an Anti-Cancer Agent Exerts Selective Toxicity by Directly Inhibiting Mitochondrial Complex II and V in CLL B-lymphocytes |
| - | in-vitro, | CLL, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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