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| Also known as CP32. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) is a common key protein in the apoptosis and pyroptosis pathways, and when activated, the expression level of tumor suppressor gene Gasdermin E (GSDME) determines the mechanism of tumor cell death. As a key protein of apoptosis, caspase-3 can also cleave GSDME and induce pyroptosis. Loss of caspase activity is an important cause of tumor progression. Many anticancer strategies rely on the promotion of apoptosis in cancer cells as a means to shrink tumors. Crucial for apoptotic function are executioner caspases, most notably caspase-3, that proteolyze a variety of proteins, inducing cell death. Paradoxically, overexpression of procaspase-3 (PC-3), the low-activity zymogen precursor to caspase-3, has been reported in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, this counterintuitive overexpression of a pro-apoptotic protein in cancer has been puzzling. Recent studies suggest subapoptotic caspase-3 activity may promote oncogenic transformation, a possible explanation for the enigmatic overexpression of PC-3. Herein, the overexpression of PC-3 in cancer and its mechanistic basis is reviewed; collectively, the data suggest the potential for exploitation of PC-3 overexpression with PC-3 activators as a targeted anticancer strategy. Caspase 3 is the main effector caspase and has a key role in apoptosis. In many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer, caspase-3 expression is reduced or absent. On the other hand, some studies have shown that high levels of caspase-3 expression can be associated with a better prognosis in certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer. This suggests that caspase-3 may play a role in the elimination of cancer cells, and that therapies aimed at activating caspase-3 may be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Procaspase-3 is a apoptotic marker protein. Prognostic significance: • High Cas3 expression: Associated with good prognosis and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast, gastric, lung, and pancreatic cancers. • Low Cas3 expression: Linked to poor prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in colorectal, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, and prostate cancers. |
| 6631- | Cic, | Chicoric acid is a potent anti-atherosclerotic ingredient by anti-oxidant action and anti-inflammation capacity. |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | NA |
| 6623- | Cic, | MTX, | Chicoric acid prevents methotrexate hepatotoxicity via attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation and up-regulation of PPARγ and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 6165- | Cin, | doxoR, | Cinnamaldehyde potentiates cytotoxic and apoptogenic effects of doxorubicin in prostate cancer cell line |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 |
| 8998- | Citicoline, | Rad, | The impact of citicoline on brain mitochondrial dysfunction induced in rats after head irradiation |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 8993- | Citicoline, | Citicoline protects against lead-induced oxidative injury in neuronal PC12 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | PC12 |
| 2315- | Citrate, | immuno, | Why and how citrate may sensitize malignant tumors to immunotherapy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1593- | Citrate, | Citrate Induces Apoptotic Cell Death: A Promising Way to Treat Gastric Carcinoma? |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | BGC-823 | - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 |
| 1587- | Citrate, | ATP citrate lyase: A central metabolic enzyme in cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1585- | Citrate, | Sodium citrate targeting Ca2+/CAMKK2 pathway exhibits anti-tumor activity through inducing apoptosis and ferroptosis in ovarian cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | SKOV3 | - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | A2780S | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HEK293 |
| 1580- | Citrate, | Citrate activates autophagic death of prostate cancer cells via downregulation CaMKII/AKT/mTOR pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 | - | in-vivo, | PC, | NA | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | LNCaP | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | WPMY-1 |
| 1578- | Citrate, | Understanding the Central Role of Citrate in the Metabolism of Cancer Cells and Tumors: An Update |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1576- | Citrate, | Targeting citrate as a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 4772- | CoQ10, | The anti-tumor activities of coenzyme Q0 through ROS-mediated autophagic cell death in human triple-negative breast cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-468 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 6306- | Cro, | Crocetin induces apoptosis of BGC-823 human gastric cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | BGC-823 |
| 6334- | Cro, | Eug, | Rad, | Crocin and eugenol enhance radiosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via apoptotic pathways and cell cycle regulation. Type of study: in vitro |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | NA |
| 3624- | Cro, | Crocus Sativus L. (Saffron) in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: Bioactive Effects on Cognitive Impairment |
| - | Review, | AD, | NA |
| 3630- | Cro, | Crocin Improves Cognitive Behavior in Rats with Alzheimer's Disease by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis |
| - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 3631- | Cro, | Investigation of the neuroprotective effects of crocin via antioxidant activities in HT22 cells and in mice with Alzheimer's disease |
| - | in-vitro, | AD, | HT22 | - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 6521- | CRV, | L-carvone induces p53, caspase 3 mediated apoptosis and inhibits the migration of breast cancer cell lines |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF10 |
| 6527- | CRV, | Preventive effect of D-carvone during DMBA induced mouse skin tumorigenesis by modulating xenobiotic metabolism and induction of apoptotic events |
| - | in-vivo, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 6520- | CRV, | Health Benefits and Pharmacological Properties of Carvone |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA |
| 6525- | CRV, | D-carvone induced ROS mediated apoptotic cell death in human leukemic cell lines (Molt-4) |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | NA |
| 7416- | CS, | Poly, | Phenolic-Rich Extracts from Artichoke By-Products Promote Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | Caco-2 | - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HT29 |
| 7424- | CS, | CGA, | Antioxidative and apoptotic properties of polyphenolic extracts from edible part of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) on cultured rat hepatocytes and on human hepatoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | NA | - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 |
| 7425- | CS, | Artichoke as a melanoma growth inhibitor |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 6176- | Cu, | Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Mitochondria Mediated Apoptosis in Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 |
| 1572- | Cu, | Recent Advances in Cancer Therapeutic Copper-Based Nanomaterials for Antitumor Therapy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6189- | Cuc, | Cucurbitacin B inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis via STAT3 pathway inhibition in A549 lung cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 6191- | Cuc, | Growth inhibitory effect of Cucurbitacin E on breast cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 6195- | Cuc, | Cucurbitacins as Potent Chemo-Preventive Agents: Mechanistic Insight and Recent Trends |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 6202- | Cuc, | Cucurbitacins as potential anticancer agents: new insights on molecular mechanisms |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3580- | CUR, | Curcumin Acts as Post-protective Effects on Rat Hippocampal Synaptosomes in a Neuronal Model of Aluminum-Induced Toxicity |
| - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 4652- | CUR, | Anticancer effect of curcumin on breast cancer and stem cells |
| - | Review, | BC, | NA |
| 475- | CUR, | Curcumin induces apoptotic cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells via the miR-340/XIAP signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 |
| 472- | CUR, | Curcumin inhibits ovarian cancer progression by regulating circ-PLEKHM3/miR-320a/SMG1 axis |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Ovarian, | SKOV3 | - | vitro+vivo, | Ovarian, | A2780S |
| 468- | CUR, | 5-FU, | Gut microbiota enhances the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma to 5-fluorouracil in vivo by increasing curcumin bioavailability |
| - | vitro+vivo, | Liver, | HepG2 | - | vitro+vivo, | Liver, | 402 | - | vitro+vivo, | Liver, | Bel7 |
| 462- | CUR, | Curcumin promotes cancer-associated fibroblasts apoptosis via ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 |
| 461- | CUR, | Curcumin inhibits prostate cancer progression by regulating the miR-30a-5p/PCLAF axis |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 | - | in-vitro, | Pca, | DU145 |
| 458- | CUR, | Curcumin suppresses gastric cancer by inhibiting gastrin‐mediated acid secretion |
| - | vitro+vivo, | GC, | SGC-7901 |
| 457- | CUR, | Curcumin regulates proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by affecting PI3K and P53 signaling |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 | - | in-vitro, | GC, | BGC-823 |
| 479- | CUR, | Curcumin Has Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects on Tongue Cancer in vitro: A Study with Bioinformatics Analysis and in vitro Experiments |
| - | in-vitro, | Tong, | CAL27 |
| 477- | CUR, | Curcumin induces G2/M arrest and triggers autophagy, ROS generation and cell senescence in cervical cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | SiHa |
| 425- | CUR, | Curcumin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of breast cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | T47D | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-468 |
| 452- | CUR, | Curcumin downregulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and inhibits growth and progression in head and neck cancer cells |
| - | vitro+vivo, | HNSCC, | SCC9 | - | vitro+vivo, | HNSCC, | FaDu | - | vitro+vivo, | HNSCC, | HaCaT |
| 447- | CUR, | OXA, | Curcumin reverses oxaliplatin resistance in human colorectal cancer via regulation of TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway |
| - | vitro+vivo, | CRC, | HCT116 |
| 444- | CUR, | Cisplatin, | LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 is a key factor in the reversal effect of curcumin on cisplatin resistance in the colorectal cancer cells |
| - | vitro+vivo, | CRC, | HCT8 |
| 137- | CUR, | Curcumin induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in hormone independent prostate cancer DU-145 cells by down regulating Notch signaling |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | DU145 |
| 132- | CUR, | Targeting multiple pro-apoptotic signaling pathways with curcumin in prostate cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Pca, | PC3 |
| 15- | CUR, | UA, | Effects of curcumin and ursolic acid in prostate cancer: A systematic review |
| - | Review, | Pca, | NA |
| 9- | CUR, | Curcumin Suppresses Malignant Glioma Cells Growth and Induces Apoptosis by Inhibition of SHH/GLI1 Signaling Pathway in Vitro and Vivo |
| - | vitro+vivo, | MG, | U87MG | - | vitro+vivo, | MG, | T98G |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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