Lycopene / TNF-α Cancer Research Results

Lyco, Lycopene: Click to Expand ⟱

Features:

Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid found predominantly in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.

Antioxidant Properties:
-Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant. It helps neutralize free radicals, which can reduce oxidative stress—a factor implicated in cancer development. Possible concern about interfering with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However this review disagrees.
Inflammation Reduction:
-Some studies suggest that lycopene may help lower levels of inflammation, another process linked to cancer progression

At supraphysiological or extremely high concentrations, lycopene may have the potential to switch from an antioxidant to a prooxidant role
-The prooxidant effect of lycopene has been observed under conditions of high oxygen tension. In vitro studies have suggested that in environments with elevated oxygen levels, lycopene might promote rather than neutralize the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
-The presence of metal ions (such as iron or copper) in the environment can catalyze reactions where antioxidants, including lycopene, contribute to oxidative processes. These metals can interact with lycopene, potentially leading to the formation of radicals.

The mevalonate pathway produces cholesterol and a variety of isoprenoids, which are important for maintaining cell membrane integrity, protein prenylation, and other essential cellular functions.
-One of the primary enzymes in this pathway is HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase), which is the target of statin drugs used for lowering cholesterol. Some studies suggest that lycopene might downregulate the activity of HMG-CoA reductase or other enzymes in the mevalonate pathway. By doing so, lycopene could potentially reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids that are necessary for rapid cell proliferation—an especially relevant aspect in cancer cells.

Lycopene typically used in a 100mg/day range for cancer (inhibition of the the Melavonate Pathway)
-also has antiplatelet aggregation capability.

-Note half-life 16–20 days.
BioAv Heat processing, especially when combined with a small amount of fat, significantly enhances lycopene’s bioaccessibility and absorption. (20% under optimal conditions)
Pathways:
- ROS usually goes down, but may go up or down depending on dose and environment. Lycopene may also be modified to be a "oxdiative product" which may change the behaviour.
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : EZH2↓, P53↑, Sp proteins↓,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Integrins↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol).
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells

Rank	Pathway / Axis	Cancer Cells	Normal Cells	Label	Primary Interpretation	Notes
1	Reactive oxygen species (ROS)	↓ ROS	↓ ROS	Driver	Potent antioxidant activity	Lycopene is a strong singlet-oxygen quencher with antioxidant dominance
2	IGF-1 / PI3K → AKT signaling	↓ IGF-1 signaling; ↓ AKT	↔ minimal	Secondary	Growth factor signaling attenuation	Reduced IGF-1–driven proliferation is a key cancer-relevant effect
3	Cell cycle regulation	↑ G0/G1 arrest	↔ spared	Phenotypic	Cytostatic growth control	Cell-cycle effects reflect growth factor modulation
4	Gap junction communication (connexins)	↑ gap junction signaling	↑ gap junction signaling	Secondary	Normalization of cell–cell communication	Enhanced gap junctions are associated with reduced tumor progression
5	NF-κB / inflammatory signaling	↓ inflammatory signaling	↓ inflammatory tone	Secondary	Anti-inflammatory environment	Inflammation reduction contributes to chemopreventive effects

TNF-α, TNF-α: Click to Expand ⟱

Source: HalifaxProj (block)

Type:

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine that plays a complex role in cancer biology. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages and is involved in systemic inflammation. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that can promote inflammation, which is a known factor in cancer development.
Overall, the expression of TNF-α in cancers is often linked to inflammation, tumor progression, and the tumor microenvironment.

Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱

4782-

Lyco,

New Insights into Molecular Mechanism behind Anti-Cancer Activities of Lycopene

Review,

Var,

"highlight2" >AntiCan↑, From an anti-cancer perspective, lycopene is often associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer and people often look for it as a dietary supplement which may help to prevent cancer.
"highlight2" >TumCP↓, Lycopene was known to be able to suppress cancerous cell proliferation, migration, invasion and adhesion activity in cell culture studies.
"highlight2" >TumCMig↓,
"highlight2" >TumCI↓,
"highlight2" >TumCA↓,
"highlight2" >ROS↓, Such suppression was often observed with changes of cancer-related gene expression and relief of oxidative stress
"highlight2" >MMP2↓, In general, lycopene could suppress the expression of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, Sp1, IGF-1R, VEGF while increasing E-cadherin stabilization, connexin 43, nm23-H1, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels
"highlight2" >MMP7↓,
"highlight2" >MMP9↓,
"highlight2" >VEGF↓,
"highlight2" >E-cadherin↑,
"highlight2" >TIMP1↑,
"highlight2" >TIMP2↑,
"highlight2" >BioAv↝, it is recommended to avoid consumption of lycopene concurrently with high dietary fiber intake as several types of dietary fiber were found to be able to reduce the bioavailability of lycopene
"highlight2" >*IL12↓, lycopene could suppress proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-1β, IL-6
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓,
"highlight2" >*IL1↓,
"highlight2" >*IL1β↓,
"highlight2" >*IL6↓,
"highlight2" >COX2↓, Sprague Dawley rat model, lycopene treatment after induction by azoxymethane caused suppression of aberrant crypt foci, preneoplastic lesion and biomarkers such as COX-2 and iNOS expression
"highlight2" >iNOS↓,
"highlight2" >*radioP↑, lycopene before induction of DNA damage via X-irradiation as lycopene treatment after irradiation failed to show such DNA protective effect
"highlight2" >NF-kB↓, anti-cancer effect of lycopene was also observed in pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 cell line) whereby significant reduction of ROS, NF-κB and anti-apoptotic biomarkers (cIAP1, cIAP2 and survivin) was detected while an increment of caspase-3 and Bax:
"highlight2" >survivin↓,
"highlight2" >Casp3↑,
"highlight2" >Bax:Bcl2↑,

4781-

Lyco,

5-FU,

Chemo,

Cisplatin,

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of lycopene against 5-fluorouracil-induced cytotoxicity in Caco2 cells

in-vitro,

Colon,

Caco-2

"highlight2" >chemoP↑, One such useful natural antioxidant that has been widely investigated to suppress chemotherapy induced side effects of drugs such as cisplatin is lycopene
"highlight2" >Inflam↓, lycopene was found to significantly suppress inflammatory responses in CC cells by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines expression like cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α)
"highlight2" >COX2↓,
"highlight2" >IL1β↓,
"highlight2" >IL6↓,
"highlight3" >TNF-α↓,
"highlight2" >ROS↑, Our results indicated the cells treatment with 60 µg/ml lycopene significantly increased ROS generation
"highlight2" >ChemoSen↑, Furthermore, L60 and L120 seemed to enhance 5FU-induced ROS generation
"highlight2" >SOD↓, significant increase SOD activity

4780-

Lyco,

Potential inhibitory effect of lycopene on prostate cancer

Review,

Pca,

"highlight2" >TumCP↓, Lycopene suppress the progression and proliferation
"highlight2" >TumCCA↑, Lycopene has been found to effectively suppress the progression and proliferation, arrest in-cell cycle, and induce apoptosis of prostate cancer cells in both in-vivo and in-vitro conditions.
"highlight2" >Apoptosis↑,
"highlight2" >*neuroP↑, the neuro-protective effect of lycopene, mediates the signaling pathways, by inhibiting NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) and JNK protein (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and activating Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and BDNF (
"highlight2" >*NF-kB↓,
"highlight2" >*JNK↓,
"highlight2" >*NRF2↑,
"highlight2" >*BDNF↑,
"highlight2" >*Ca+2↝, as well as keeping homeostasis by restoring intracellular Ca2+
"highlight2" >*antiOx↑, most powerful and natural antioxidants, and its role in preventing prostate cancer.
"highlight2" >*AntiCan↑,
"highlight2" >*Inflam↓, Anti-inflammatory properties of lycopene depends on time, and it has been found to be through the decrease of inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL1, IL6, IL8 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)
"highlight2" >*IL1↓,
"highlight2" >*IL6↓,
"highlight2" >*IL8↓,
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓,
"highlight2" >NF-kB↓, lycopene increased the expression of BCO2 enzyme in an androgen-sensitive cell line that prevented cancer cell proliferation and reduced the NF-κB activity
"highlight2" >DNAdam↓, 20 and 50 μM doses of lycopene had an effect on PC3 and DU145 cell lines in inducing apoptosis with DNA damages, and preventing cell growth and colony formation
"highlight2" >PSA↓, lycopene twice a day for 3 weeks, showed that lycopene decreases the risk and growth of prostate cancer cells, and also a decrease in the level of PSA,
"highlight2" >P53↓, down-regulation of p53, Cyclin-D1, and Nrf-2 have occurred after the incubation of prostate cancer cells with the lycopene received patient’s sera in comparison with placebo
"highlight2" >cycD1/CCND1↓,
"highlight2" >NRF2↓,
"highlight2" >Akt2↓, treatment with lycopene in PC3 cancer cell lines was associated with down-regulation of AKT2 [
"highlight2" >PPARγ↓, Another anti-proliferative effect of lycopene was done by increasing PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1signaling molecules in protein and mRNA level

4230-

Lyco,

Supplementation of lycopene attenuates oxidative stress induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment via Nrf2/NF-κB transcriptional pathway

in-vivo,

AD,

50 mg/kg bodyweight per day

d CD-1 male mice

"highlight2" >*BDNF↑, LYC ameliorated histopathological damage and restored brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus of mice.
"highlight2" >*antiOx↑, LYC also significantly elevated antioxidant enzymes activities and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines in the d-galactose-treated mice serum.
"highlight2" >*Inflam↓,
"highlight2" >*HO-1↑, LYC treatment activated the mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO-1, and downregulated inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α
"highlight2" >*NQO1↑,
"highlight2" >*IL1β↓,
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓,
"highlight2" >*ROS↓, LYC attenuated neuronal oxidative damage through activation of Nrf2 signaling
"highlight2" >*NRF2↑,
"highlight2" >*cognitive↑, LYC could ameliorate oxidative stress induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment possibly via mediating Nrf2/NF-κB transcriptional pathway.
"highlight2" >*BBB↑, LYC exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo and possesses blood brain barrier permeability

3531-

Lyco,

Lycopene attenuates the inflammation and apoptosis in aristolochic acid nephropathy by targeting the Nrf2 antioxidant system

in-vivo,

Nor,

rats

"highlight2" >*NRF2↑, After LYC intervened in the body, it activated Nrf2 nuclear translocation and its downstream HO-1 and NQO1 antioxidant signaling pathways
"highlight2" >*HO-1↑, Lycopene activates Nrf2-HO-1 antioxidant pathway to inhibit oxidative stress injury induced by AAI exposure in NRK52E cells
"highlight2" >*NQO1↑,
"highlight2" >*ROS↓, LYC inhibited ROS production by renal tubular epithelial cells, and alleviated mitochondrial damage.
"highlight2" >*mtDam↓,
"highlight2" >*Bcl-2↑, LYC was able to up-regulate the expression of Bcl-2, down-regulate Bax expression and inhibit the activation of cleaved forms of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3, which finally attenuated the apoptosis
"highlight2" >*BAX↓,
"highlight2" >*Casp9↓,
"highlight2" >*Casp3↓,
"highlight2" >*Apoptosis↓,
"highlight2" >*RenoP↑, Interestingly, there was a significant improvement in damaged renal tissue in mice with AAN after lycopene intervention
"highlight2" >*lipid-P↓, lycopene significantly decreased the expression of AAI-induced lipid peroxidation product (MDA), and increased the expression of antioxidant enzyme systems (T-AOC, SOD, and GSH-PX)
"highlight2" >*SOD↑,
"highlight2" >*GPx↑,
"highlight2" >*Inflam↓, Lycopene improves inflammatory responses in the kidneys of AAN mice
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, was increased and the expression of IL-12 was decreased in the kidneys of model mice compared with the control group. However, LYC intervention reversed the expression of these genes in a dose-dependent manner
"highlight2" >*IL6↓,
"highlight2" >*IL10↓,

3530-

Lyco,

Lycopene Scavenges Cellular ROS, Modulates Autophagy and Improves Survival through 7SK snRNA Interaction in Smooth Muscle Cells

in-vitro,

Stroke,

"highlight2" >*ROS↓, The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were reduced from 8 fold to 3 fold post addition of lycopene for 24 h.
"highlight2" >*antiOx↑, Lycopene administration during ischemic heart disease might improve the functions of the smooth muscle cells and 7SK snRNA might be involved in the binding of lycopene and its antioxidant protective effects.
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓, Addition of Lycopene to the media showed diminished TNF-α expression (p < 0.0429) compared to the stressed group.

3528-

Lyco,

The Importance of Antioxidant Activity for the Health-Promoting Effect of Lycopene

Review,

Nor,

Review,

AD,

Review,

Park,

"highlight2" >*antiOx↑, the antioxidant effect of lycopene
"highlight2" >*ROS↓, Lycopene has the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eliminate singlet oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide
"highlight2" >*BioAv↝, human body cannot synthesize lycopene. It must be supplied with the diet
"highlight2" >*Half-Life↑, half-life of lycopene in human plasma is 12–33 days
"highlight2" >*BioAv↓, bioavailability decreases with age and in the case of certain diseases
"highlight2" >*BioAv↑, heat treatment process of food increases the bioavailability of lycopene
"highlight2" >*cardioP↑, positive effect on cardiovascular diseases, including the regulation of blood lipid levels
"highlight2" >*neuroP↑, beneficial effects in nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson′s disease and Alzheimer′s disease
"highlight2" >*H2O2↓, Lycopene has the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eliminate singlet oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide
"highlight2" >*VitC↑, ability to regenerate non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C and E.
"highlight2" >*VitE↑,
"highlight2" >*GPx↑, increase in cardiac GSH-Px activity and an increase in cardiac GSH levels
"highlight2" >*GSH↑,
"highlight2" >*MPO↓, also a decrease in the level of cardiac myeloperoxidase (MPO), cardiac H2O2, and a decrease in cardiac glutathione S transferase (GSH-ST) activity.
"highlight2" >*GSTs↓,
"highlight2" >*SOD↑, increasing the activity of GSH-Px and SOD in the liver
"highlight2" >*NF-kB↓, reducing the expression of NF-κB mRNA in the heart
"highlight2" >*IL1β↓, decreased the level of IL-1β and IL-6 and increased the level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the heart
"highlight2" >*IL6↓,
"highlight2" >*IL10↑,
"highlight2" >*MAPK↓, inhibited the activation of the ROS-dependent pro-hypertrophic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways.
"highlight2" >*Akt↓,
"highlight2" >*COX2↓, decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in heart: COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and an increase in the anti-inflammatory cardiac TGF-β1.
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓,
"highlight2" >*TGF-β1↑,
"highlight2" >*NO↓, reduced NO levels in heart and cardiac NOS activity
"highlight2" >*GSR↑, increase in the level of cardiac and hepatic SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, and glutathione reductase (GR)
"highlight2" >*NRF2↑, It also activated nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). This affected the downstream expression of HO-1 [97].
"highlight2" >*HO-1↑,
"highlight2" >*TAC↑, Researchers observed an increase in the liver in TAC and GSH levels and an increase in GSH-Px and SOD activity
"highlight2" >*Inflam↓, study showed that lycopene was anti-inflammatory
"highlight2" >*BBB↑, Lycopene is a lipophilic compound, which makes it easier to penetrate the blood–brain barrier.
"highlight2" >*neuroP↑, Lycopene had also a neuroprotective effect by restoring the balance of the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway.
"highlight2" >*memory↑, lycopene on LPS-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in C57BL/6J mice. The tested carotenoid prevented memory loss

4801-

Lyco,

Lycopene in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Review,

CardioV,

"highlight2" >*BioAv↝, Taking into account the fact that humans are not able to synthesize lycopene de novo, therefore its supply with food is necessary to take advantage of its pro-health properties.
"highlight2" >*cardioP↑, protective effect on cardiovascular diseases
"highlight2" >*BioAv↑, It is assumed that thanks to the cis form, lycopene is highly bioavailable in the human diet
"highlight2" >*BioAv↑, bioavailability of lycopene as a result of its trans to cis isomerization can be achieved by adding fish oil or olive oil to tomato dishes.
"highlight2" >*antiOx↑, Antioxidant Effects of Lycopene
"highlight2" >*ROS↓, Lycopene is a highly effective antioxidant that, due to the high reactivity between the long polyene chain and free radicals, enables the elimination of singlet oxygen and the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
"highlight2" >*ARE↑, activating the antioxidant response element (ARE)
"highlight2" >*SOD↑, it increases the amount of antioxidant enzymes, which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)
"highlight2" >*Catalase↑,
"highlight2" >*GPx↑,
"highlight2" >*lipid-P↓, figure 3
"highlight2" >*COX2↓, lycopene (in the form of watermelon powder) reduced inflammation by reducing the activity of the pro-inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2),
"highlight2" >*Inflam↓, Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Lycopene
"highlight2" >*IL1β↓, inhibits the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.
"highlight2" >*IL6↓,
"highlight2" >*IL8↑,
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓,
"highlight2" >*NF-kB↓, inhibition of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)
"highlight2" >*BP↓, 15 or 30 mg of lycopene was associated with a significant reduction in systolic BP

1711-

Lyco,

Nutritional Importance of Carotenoids and Their Effect on Liver Health: A Review

Review,

Var,

"highlight2" >ROS↑, exposure to high doses of carotenoids has a pro-oxidant effect
"highlight2" >Dose↓, lycopene, an intake of 5 to 7 mg per day was recommended for healthy people to maintain the circulating levels of this carotenoid, in order to combat oxidative stress and prevent chronic diseases
"highlight2" >Dose↑, higher concentrations of lycopene (35–75 mg/day) may be required when there is a disease, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
"highlight2" >antiOx↑, main protective effect of lycopene is due to its antioxidant effect through the inactivation of ROS and the extinction of free radicals
"highlight2" >P450↓, significant decrease in cytochrome P450 2E1
"highlight3" >TNF-α↓, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12) were also found
"highlight2" >IL1β↓,
"highlight2" >IL12↓,

1708-

Lyco,

The Anti-Cancer Activity of Lycopene: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies

Review,

Var,

"highlight2" >OS↑, reduced prostate cancer-specific mortality in men at high risk for prostate cancer
"highlight2" >ChemoSen↑, improved the response to docetaxel chemotherapy in advanced castrate-resistant prostate cancer
"highlight2" >QoL↑, lycopene improved the quality of life, and provided relief from bone pain and control of lower urinary tract symptoms
"highlight2" >PSA∅, PSA stabilisation in prostate cancer
"highlight2" >eff↑, Lycopene co-supplementation with vitamin E also showed an improvement in the results of prostate cancer treatment
"highlight2" >AntiCan↑, lycopene intake showed a strong protective effect against stomach cancer, regardless of H. pylori status
"highlight2" >AntiCan↑, A lycopene-rich diet was shown to reduce the incidence of pancreatic cancer in humans by 31%
"highlight2" >angioG↓,
"highlight2" >VEGF↓,
"highlight2" >Hif1a↓,
"highlight2" >SOD↑,
"highlight2" >Catalase↑,
"highlight2" >GPx↑,
"highlight2" >GSH↑,
"highlight2" >GPx↑,
"highlight2" >GR↑,
"highlight2" >MDA↓,
"highlight2" >NRF2↑,
"highlight2" >HO-1↑,
"highlight2" >COX2↓,
"highlight2" >PGE2↓,
"highlight2" >NF-kB↓,
"highlight2" >IL4↑,
"highlight2" >IL10↑,
"highlight2" >IL6↓,
"highlight3" >TNF-α↓,
"highlight2" >PPARγ↑,
"highlight2" >TumCCA↑, G(0)/G(1) phase
"highlight2" >FOXO3↓,
"highlight2" >Casp3↑,
"highlight2" >IGF-1↓, breast cancer,crc
"highlight2" >p27↑,
"highlight2" >STAT3↓,
"highlight2" >CDK2↓,
"highlight2" >CDK4↓,
"highlight2" >P21↑,
"highlight2" >PCNA↓,
"highlight2" >MMP7↓,
"highlight2" >MMP9↓,

3278-

Lyco,

Anti-inflammatory effect of lycopene in SW480 human colorectal cancer cells

in-vitro,

Colon,

SW480

 (0–30 µM) for 0, 24, 48, and 96 h

"highlight3" >TNF-α↓, In cells treated with lycopene and LPS, the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner
"highlight2" >IL1β↓,
"highlight2" >IL6↓,
"highlight2" >iNOS↓,
"highlight2" >COX2↓,
"highlight2" >PGE2↓, The concentrations of PGE2 and NO decreased according to the lycopene concentration
"highlight2" >NO↓,
"highlight2" >NF-kB↓, The protein expressions of NF-κB and JNK were decreased significantly according to lycopene concertation
"highlight2" >JNK↓,
"highlight2" >Inflam↓, Lycopene was found to have anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model
"highlight2" >MPO↓, decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as a marker of inflammation,

3277-

Lyco,

Recent trends and advances in the epidemiology, synergism, and delivery system of lycopene as an anti-cancer agent

Review,

Var,

"highlight2" >antiOx↑, lycopene provides a strong antioxidant activity that is 100 times more effective than α-tocopherol and more than double effective that of β-carotene
"highlight2" >TumCP↓, In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that lycopene at near physiological levels (0.5−2 μM) could inhibit cancer cell proliferation [[22], [23], [24]], induce apoptosis [[25], [26], [27]], and suppress metastasis [
"highlight2" >Apoptosis↑,
"highlight2" >TumMeta↑,
"highlight2" >ChemoSen↑, lycopene can increase the effect of anti-cancer drugs (including adriamycin, cisplatin, docetaxel and paclitaxel) on cancer cell growth and reduce tumour size
"highlight2" >BioAv↓, low water solubility and bioavailability of lycopene
"highlight2" >Dose↝, The concentration of lycopene in plasma (daily intake of 10 mg lycopene) is approximately 0.52−0.6 μM
"highlight2" >BioAv↓, significant decrease in lycopene bioavailability in the elderly
"highlight2" >BioAv↑, oils and fats favours the bioavailability of lycopene [80], while large molecules such as pectin can hinder the absorption of lycopene in the small intestine due to their action on lipids and bile salt molecules
"highlight2" >SOD↑, GC: 50−150 mg/kg BW/day ↑SOD, CAT, GPx ↑IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α ↑IgA, IgG, IgM ↓IL-6
"highlight2" >Catalase↑,
"highlight2" >GPx↑,
"highlight2" >IL2↑, lycopene treatment significantly enhanced blood IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α levels and reduced IL-6 level in a dose-dependent manner.
"highlight2" >IL4↑,
"highlight2" >IL1↑,
"highlight3" >TNF-α↑,
"highlight2" >GSH↑, GC: ↑GSH, GPx, GST, GR
"highlight2" >GPx↑,
"highlight2" >GSTA1↑,
"highlight2" >GSR↑,
"highlight2" >PPARγ↑, ↑GPx, SOD, MDA ↑PPARγ, caspase-3 ↓NF-κB, COX-2
"highlight2" >Casp3↑,
"highlight2" >NF-kB↓,
"highlight2" >COX2↓,
"highlight2" >Bcl-2↑, AGS cells Lycopene 5 μM ↑Bcl-2 ↓Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, p53 ↓Chk1, Chk2, γ-H2AX, DNA damage ↓ROS Phase arrest
"highlight2" >BAX↓,
"highlight2" >P53↓,
"highlight2" >CHK1↓,
"highlight2" >Chk2↓,
"highlight2" >γH2AX↓,
"highlight2" >DNAdam↓,
"highlight2" >ROS↓,
"highlight2" >P21↑, CRC: ↑p21 ↓PCNA, β-catenin ↓COX-2, PGE2, ERK1/2 phosphorylated
"highlight2" >PCNA↓,
"highlight2" >β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
"highlight2" >PGE2↓,
"highlight2" >ERK↓,
"highlight2" >cMyc↓, AGS cells: ↓Wnt-1, c-Myc, cyclin E ↓Jak1/Stat3, Wnt/β-catenin alteration ↓ROS
"highlight2" >cycE/CCNE↓,
"highlight2" >JAK1↓,
"highlight2" >STAT3↓,
"highlight2" >SIRT1↑, Huh7: ↑SIRT1 ↓Cells growth ↑PARP cleavage ↓Cyclin D1, TNFα, IL-6, NF-κB, p65, STAT3, Akt activation ↓Tumour multiplicity, volume
"highlight2" >cl‑PARP↑,
"highlight2" >cycD1/CCND1↓,
"highlight3" >TNF-α↓,
"highlight2" >IL6↓,
"highlight2" >p65↓,
"highlight2" >MMP2↓, SK-Hep1 human hepatoma cells Lycopene 5, 10 μM ↓MMP-2, MMP-9 ↓
"highlight2" >MMP9↓,
"highlight2" >Wnt↓, AGS cells Lycopene 0.5 μM, 1 μM ↓Wnt-1, c-Myc, cyclin E ↓Jak1/Stat3, Wnt/β-catenin alteration ↓ROS

3529-

Lyco,

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of lycopene in mice lungs exposed to cigarette smoke

in-vivo,

Nor,

mice

"highlight2" >*antiOx↑, Lycopene is a carotenoid with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
"highlight2" >*Inflam↓,
"highlight2" >*ROS↓, Lycopene concentrations of 1 μM and 2 μM were able to reduce the production of ROS in 24 h compared with CS.
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓, There was an increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukin-10 after exposure to CS, and these effects were suppressed by both doses of lycopene.
"highlight2" >*IFN-γ↓,
"highlight2" >IL10↓,

3268-

Lyco,

Lycopene as a Natural Antioxidant Used to Prevent Human Health Disorders

Review,

AD,

"highlight2" >*BioAv↓, Lycopene bioavailability can be decreased by ageing, and some of the pathological states, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
"highlight2" >*AntiCan↑, For instance, it has been shown that a higher dietary intake and circulating concentration of lycopene have protective effects against prostate cancer (PCa), in a dose-dependent way
"highlight2" >*ROCK1↓, It remarkably lessened the expression of ROCK1, Ki-67, ICAM-1 and ROCK2,
"highlight2" >*Ki-67↓,
"highlight2" >*ICAM-1↓,
"highlight2" >*cardioP↑, Lycopene is a cardioprotective nutraceutical.
"highlight2" >*antiOx↑, Lycopene is a well-known antioxidant.
"highlight2" >*NQO1↑, Furthermore, lycopene supplementation improves mRNA expressions of the NQO-1 and HO-1 as antioxidant enzymes.
"highlight2" >*HO-1↑,
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓, downregulate inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, and IL-1β) in the hippocampus of the mice.
"highlight2" >*IL22↓,
"highlight2" >*NRF2↑, Lycopene decreased neuronal oxidative damage by activating Nrf2, as well as by inactivating NF-κB translocation in H2O2-related SH-SY5Y cell model
"highlight2" >*NF-kB↓,
"highlight2" >*MDA↓, significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA)
"highlight2" >*Catalase↑, Furthermore, it improved the catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and GSH levels, and antioxidant capacity [109].
"highlight2" >*SOD↑,
"highlight2" >*GSH↑,
"highlight2" >*cognitive↑, Lycopene administration considerably improved cognitive defects, noticeably reduced MDA levels and elevated GSH-Px activity, and remarkably reduced tau
"highlight2" >*tau↓,
"highlight2" >*hepatoP↑, Lycopene was also found to be effective against hepatotoxicity by acting as an antioxidant, regulating total glutathione (tGSH) and CAT concentrations
"highlight2" >*MMP2↑, It also elevated MMP-2 down-regulation
"highlight2" >*AST↓, lowering the liver enzymes levels, like aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), LDL, free fatty acid, and MDA.
"highlight2" >*ALAT↓,
"highlight2" >*P450↑, Moreover, tomato powder has been shown to have a protective agent against alcohol-induced hepatic injury by inducing cytochrome p450 2E1
"highlight2" >*DNAdam↓, lycopene decreased DNA damage
"highlight2" >*ROS↓, It has been revealed that they inhibited ROS production, protected antioxidant enzymes, and reversed hepatotoxicity in rats’ liver
"highlight2" >*neuroP↑, lycopene consumption relieved cognitive defects, age-related memory loss, neuronal damage, and synaptic dysfunction of the brain.
"highlight2" >*memory↑,
"highlight2" >*Ca+2↓, Lycopene suppressed the 4-AP-invoked release of glutamate and elevated intra-synaptosomal Ca2+ level.
"highlight2" >*Dose↝, an in vivo study revealed that lycopene (6.5 mg/day) was effective against cancer in men [147]. However, lycopene dose should be increased up to 10 mg/day, in the case of advanced PCa.
"highlight2" >*Dose↑, lycopene supplementation (15 mg/day, for 12 weeks) in an old aged population improved immune function through increasing natural killer cell activity by 28%
"highlight2" >*Dose↝, Finally, according to different epidemiological studies, daily lycopene intake can be suggested to be 2 to 20 mg per day
"highlight2" >*toxicity∅, A toxicological study on rats showed the no-observed-adverse-effect level at the highest examined dose (i.e., 1.0% in the diet)
"highlight2" >PGE2↓, Lycopene doses of 0, 10, 20, and 30 µM were used to treat human colorectal cancer cell. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and NO levels declined after lycopene administration,
"highlight2" >CDK2↓, Treatment with lycopene reduced cell hyperproliferation induced by UVB and ultimately promoted apoptosis and reduced CDK2 and CDK4 complex in SKH-1 hairless mice
"highlight2" >CDK4↓,
"highlight2" >STAT3↓, lycopene reduced the STAT3 expression in ovarian tissues
"highlight2" >NOX↓, (SK-Hep-1) cells and indicated a substantial reduction in NOX activity. Moreover, it inhibits the protein expression of NOX4, NOX4 mRNA and ROS intracellular amounts
"highlight2" >NOX4↓,
"highlight2" >ROS↓,
"highlight2" >*SREBP1↓, Lycopene decreases the fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1) expression in HFD mice.
"highlight2" >*FASN↓,
"highlight2" >*ACC↓,

3264-

Lyco,

Pharmacological potentials of lycopene against aging and aging‐related disorders: A review

Review,

Var,

Review,

AD,

Review,

Stroke,

"highlight2" >*antiOx↑, Anti‐oxidative mechanism of lycopene
"highlight2" >*ROS↓, Lycopene inhibits ROS generation and subsequent oxidative stress by inducing antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH‐Px, and GST) and limiting MDA level and lipid peroxidation (LPO).
"highlight2" >*SOD↑,
"highlight2" >*Catalase↑,
"highlight2" >*GSH↑,
"highlight2" >*GSTs↑,
"highlight2" >*MDA↓,
"highlight2" >*lipid-P↓,
"highlight2" >*NRF2↑, Lycopene also prevents ROS release by upregulating Nrf2‐mediated HO‐1 levels and inhibiting iNOS‐activated NO generation
"highlight2" >*HO-1↑,
"highlight2" >*iNOS↓,
"highlight2" >*NO↓,
"highlight2" >*TAC↑, upregulating total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and direct inhibition of 8‐OHdG, NOX4.
"highlight2" >*NOX4↓,
"highlight2" >*Inflam↓, Anti‐inflammatory mechanism of lycopene.
"highlight2" >*IL1↓, IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α release.
"highlight2" >*IL6↓,
"highlight2" >*IL8↓,
"highlight2" >*IL1β↓,
"highlight3" >*TNF-α↓,
"highlight2" >*TLR2↓, prevents inflammation by inhibiting toll‐like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 and endothelial adhesion molecules VCAM1 and ICAM‐1.
"highlight2" >*TLR4↓,
"highlight2" >*VCAM-1↓,
"highlight2" >*ICAM-1↓,
"highlight2" >*STAT3↓, inhibiting STAT3, NF‐κB, ERK pathway, and IL‐6 and TNF‐α release.
"highlight2" >*NF-kB↓,
"highlight2" >*ERK↓,
"highlight2" >*BP↓, Another clinical study demonstrated that consumption of raw tomato (200 g/day) could prevent type 2 diabetes‐associated cardiovascular diseases by lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure, upregulating ApoA1, and downregulating ApoB levels
"highlight2" >ROS↓, lycopene suppresses the metastasis of the SK‐HEP‐1 cell line by NOX‐4 mRNA expression inhibition and the reactive ROS intracellular activity inhibition
"highlight2" >PGE2↓, Lycopene is also used to treat colorectal cancer cells in humans, and the introduction of lycopene decreases the prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide levels
"highlight2" >cardioP↑, Lycopene‐rich foods can be highly beneficial in preventing cardiovascular diseases as lycopene is a potential source of antioxidants
"highlight2" >*neuroP↑, beneficial role of lycopene on aging‐related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, has been confirmed in both experimental and clinical trials
"highlight2" >*creat↓, Several pre‐clinical studies reported that lycopene treatment significantly reduced serum urea and serum creatinine, as well as reversed various toxic chemical‐induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage by exhibiting excellent antioxidative properti
"highlight2" >*RenoP↑,
"highlight2" >*CRM↑, its potency in treating aging disorders and its role as a mimic of caloric restriction.

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 15 of 15

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 15

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↑, 8, ARE↑, 1, Catalase↑, 3, GPx↑, 3, GSH↑, 3, GSR↑, 1, GSTs↓, 1, GSTs↑, 1, H2O2↓, 1, HO-1↑, 5, lipid-P↓, 3, MDA↓, 2, MPO↓, 1, NOX4↓, 1, NQO1↑, 3, NRF2↑, 6, ROS↓, 8, SOD↑, 5, TAC↑, 2, VitC↑, 1, VitE↑, 1,

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

mtDam↓, 1,

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

ACC↓, 1, ALAT↓, 1, CRM↑, 1, FASN↓, 1, SREBP1↓, 1,

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 1, Apoptosis↓, 1, BAX↓, 1, Bcl-2↑, 1, Casp3↓, 1, Casp9↓, 1, iNOS↓, 1, JNK↓, 1, MAPK↓, 1,

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

DNAdam↓, 1,

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

ERK↓, 1, STAT3↓, 1,

Migration ⓘ

Ca+2↓, 1, Ca+2↝, 1, Ki-67↓, 1, MMP2↑, 1, ROCK1↓, 1, TGF-β1↑, 1, VCAM-1↓, 1,

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

NO↓, 2,

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

BBB↑, 2,

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX2↓, 2, ICAM-1↓, 2, IFN-γ↓, 1, IL1↓, 3, IL10↓, 1, IL10↑, 1, IL12↓, 1, IL1β↓, 5, IL22↓, 1, IL6↓, 6, IL8↓, 2, IL8↑, 1, Inflam↓, 7, NF-kB↓, 5, TLR2↓, 1, TLR4↓, 1, TNF-α↓, 10,

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

BDNF↑, 2, tau↓, 1,

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 2, BioAv↑, 3, BioAv↝, 2, Dose↑, 1, Dose↝, 2, Half-Life↑, 1, P450↑, 1,

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1, AST↓, 1, BP↓, 2, creat↓, 1, IL6↓, 6, Ki-67↓, 1,

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 2, cardioP↑, 3, cognitive↑, 2, hepatoP↑, 1, memory↑, 2, neuroP↑, 5, radioP↑, 1, RenoP↑, 2, toxicity∅, 1,
Total Targets: 89

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: TNF-α, TNF-α

15 Lycopene
1 5-fluorouracil
1 Chemotherapy
1 Cisplatin

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:119  Target#:309  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=on  sortOrder:rid,rpid

Lycopene / TNF-α Cancer Research Results

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

Cell Death ⓘ

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

Migration ⓘ

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Cellular Microenvironment ⓘ

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors ⓘ

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

Cell Death ⓘ

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

Migration ⓘ

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

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