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| Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid found predominantly in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables. Antioxidant Properties: -Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant. It helps neutralize free radicals, which can reduce oxidative stress—a factor implicated in cancer development. Possible concern about interfering with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However this review disagrees. Inflammation Reduction: -Some studies suggest that lycopene may help lower levels of inflammation, another process linked to cancer progression At supraphysiological or extremely high concentrations, lycopene may have the potential to switch from an antioxidant to a prooxidant role -The prooxidant effect of lycopene has been observed under conditions of high oxygen tension. In vitro studies have suggested that in environments with elevated oxygen levels, lycopene might promote rather than neutralize the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). -The presence of metal ions (such as iron or copper) in the environment can catalyze reactions where antioxidants, including lycopene, contribute to oxidative processes. These metals can interact with lycopene, potentially leading to the formation of radicals. The mevalonate pathway produces cholesterol and a variety of isoprenoids, which are important for maintaining cell membrane integrity, protein prenylation, and other essential cellular functions. -One of the primary enzymes in this pathway is HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase), which is the target of statin drugs used for lowering cholesterol. Some studies suggest that lycopene might downregulate the activity of HMG-CoA reductase or other enzymes in the mevalonate pathway. By doing so, lycopene could potentially reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids that are necessary for rapid cell proliferation—an especially relevant aspect in cancer cells. Lycopene typically used in a 100mg/day range for cancer (inhibition of the the Melavonate Pathway) -also has antiplatelet aggregation capability. -Note half-life 16–20 days. BioAv Heat processing, especially when combined with a small amount of fat, significantly enhances lycopene’s bioaccessibility and absorption. (20% under optimal conditions) Pathways: - ROS usually goes down, but may go up or down depending on dose and environment. Lycopene may also be modified to be a "oxdiative product" which may change the behaviour. - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : EZH2↓, P53↑, Sp proteins↓, - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Integrins↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol). - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells
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| The term "IL-1" is often used as an umbrella term for the interleukin-1 family, which includes multiple cytokines. The two best-known members are IL-1α and IL-1β. IL-1β is secreted from cells and plays a major systemic role in inflammation. It is a crucial mediator in the inflammatory response and is involved in the fever response, activation of endothelial cells, and leukocyte recruitment. Its increased expression is commonly linked to: – Promotion of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that supports tumor growth. – Enhanced angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. – Recruitment of myeloid cells that may further suppress antitumor immunity. High expression of either tends to be associated with a more aggressive phenotype and worse prognosis in many cancer types. |
| 4782- | Lyco, | New Insights into Molecular Mechanism behind Anti-Cancer Activities of Lycopene |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 4781- | Lyco, | 5-FU, | Chemo, | Cisplatin, | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of lycopene against 5-fluorouracil-induced cytotoxicity in Caco2 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | Caco-2 |
| 4230- | Lyco, | Supplementation of lycopene attenuates oxidative stress induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment via Nrf2/NF-κB transcriptional pathway |
| - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 3528- | Lyco, | The Importance of Antioxidant Activity for the Health-Promoting Effect of Lycopene |
| - | Review, | Nor, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA |
| 4801- | Lyco, | Lycopene in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases |
| - | Review, | CardioV, | NA |
| 1711- | Lyco, | Nutritional Importance of Carotenoids and Their Effect on Liver Health: A Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3278- | Lyco, | Anti-inflammatory effect of lycopene in SW480 human colorectal cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | SW480 |
| 3264- | Lyco, | Pharmacological potentials of lycopene against aging and aging‐related disorders: A review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | Stroke, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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