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| Piperlongumine (also called Piplartine), an alkaloid from long pepper fruit -Piperlongumine is a bioactive alkaloid derived from the long pepper (Piper longum) – Piperlongumine has been shown to selectively increase ROS levels in cancer cells. -NLRP3 inhibitor? -TrxR inhibitor (major antioxidant system) to increase ROS in cancer cells -ic50 cancer cells maybe 2-10uM, normal cells maybe exceeding 20uM. Available from mcsformulas.com -(Long Pepper, 500mg/Capsule)- 1 capsule 3 times daily with food -Piperlongumine Pro Liposomal, 40 mg-take 1 capsule daily with plenty of water, after a meal -Note half-life 30–60 minutes BioAv poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability Pathways: - induce ROS production in cancer cells likely at any dose. Effect on normal cells is inconclusive. - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, Prx, - Lowers some AntiOxidant markers/ defense in Cancer Cells: but mostly raises NRF2 (raises antiO defense), TrxR↓(*important), GSH↓ Catalase↓ HO1↓ GPx↓ - Very little indication of raising AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: GSH↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, conversely p38↑, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, VEGF↓, NF-κB↓, CXCR4↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓(few reports), DNMT1↓, DNMT3A↓, EZH2↓, P53↑, HSP↓, Sp proteins↓, - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, - small indication of inhibiting glycolysis : HIF-1α↓, cMyc↓, LDH↓, HK2↓, - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, β-catenin↓, ERK↓, JNK, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, RadioSensitizer, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells |
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| Caspases are a cysteine protease that speed up a chemical reaction via pointing their target substrates following an aspartic acid residue.1 They are grouped into apoptotic (caspase-2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and inflammatory (caspase-1, 4, 5, 11 and 12) mediated caspases. Caspase-1 may have both tumorigenic or antitumorigenic effects on cancer development and progression, but it depends on the type of inflammasome, methodology, and cancer. Catalase is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells exposed to oxygen. Its primary role is to protect cells from oxidative damage by catalyzing the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a potentially damaging byproduct of metabolism, into water (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂). This detoxification process is crucial because excess H₂O₂ can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage proteins, lipids, and DNA. Catalase and Cancer Oxidative Stress and Cancer: Cancer cells often experience increased levels of oxidative stress due to rapid proliferation and metabolic changes. This stress can lead to DNA damage, promoting tumorigenesis. Catalase helps mitigate oxidative stress, and its expression can influence the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Expression Levels in Different Cancers: Overexpression: In some cancers, such as breast cancer and certain types of leukemia, catalase may be overexpressed. This overexpression can help cancer cells survive in oxidative environments, potentially leading to more aggressive tumor behavior. Downregulation: Conversely, in other cancers, such as colorectal cancer, reduced catalase expression has been observed. This downregulation can lead to increased oxidative stress, contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. Prognostic Implications: Survival Rates: Studies have shown that high levels of catalase expression can be associated with poor prognosis in certain cancers, as it may enable cancer cells to resist apoptosis (programmed cell death) induced by oxidative stress. Some types of cancer cells have been reported to exhibit lower catalase activity, possibly increasing their vulnerability to oxidative damage under certain conditions. This vulnerability has even been exploited in some therapeutic strategies (for example, approaches that generate excess H₂O₂ or other ROS specifically targeting cancer cells have been researched). |
| 2969- | PL, | Piperlongumine induces autophagy by targeting p38 signaling |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | U2OS | - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 1942- | PL, | Piperlongumine inhibits antioxidant enzymes, increases ROS levels, induces DNA damage and G2/M cell cycle arrest in breast cell lines |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 |
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