Database Query Results : Selenium, Silver-NanoParticles,

Se, Selenium: Click to Expand ⟱
Features: micronutrient
Naturally occurring element. Selenium is incorporated into selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) and thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs), which play critical roles in protecting cells from oxidative damage.
Involved in GPx, TrxR, ans Selenoprotien P which protect normal cells from oxidative stress.
Important in Thyroid hormone metabolism, immune system regulation, reproductive health, and Brain and heart protection.

-recommended daily allowance (RDA) for selenium is about 55 µg/day for adults. (upper tolerance 400ug/day)
-One Brazil nut may contain 50-300ug/nut

Sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) is a selenium compound with well-documented anticancer and chemopreventive properties
-Oxidation state: +4 (selenite form of selenium)
-Type: Inorganic selenium compound (water-soluble)

-Sodium selenite generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) selectively in tumor cells.
-Induces cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation.
-Reduces VEGF expression and endothelial cell migration.
-Blocks cell division at G2/M phase
-Suppresses MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity
-Activates p53
-Inhibits NF-κB
-PI3K/Akt/mTOR Suppression
-Inactivation of Thioredoxin/Glutathione systems

Narrow therapeutic window:
-Low micromolar (≤5 µM) → anticancer
-High (>10 µM) → toxic to normal cells

Some Selenium Supplements use Sodium Selenite as the active ingredient.
- NOW Foods Selenium, Nature's Bounty Selenium, etc

Other common form is Selenomethionine, as it is better absorbed (found in brazil nuts), but might be less effective?

Sodium selenite might protect against toxicity of AgNPs. also here

In the chemical synthesis of selenium nanoparticles, a precursor such as sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) is dissolved in water to form a homogenous solution. A reducing agent, like ascorbic acid or sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), is then added to the solution. The reducing agent donates electrons to the selenium ions (SeO32−SeO32), reducing them to elemental selenium (Se0Se^0). This reduction process leads to the nucleation of selenium atoms, which subsequently grow into nanoparticles through controlled aggregation.

Se NPs might be hepatoprotective.
(chemoprotective) (radioprotective) (radiosensitizer)

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are a biocompatible, less-toxic, 
and more controllable form of selenium compared to inorganic salts (like sodium selenite).
Major SeNPs hepatoprotective mechanisms
Mechanism	              Description	                       Key markers affected
1. Antioxidant activity	      SeNPs boost antioxidant enzyme          ↓ ROS, ↓ MDA, ↑ GSH, ↑ GPx
                              systems (GPx, SOD, CAT) and scavenge 
                              ROS directly.	
2. Anti-inflammatory effect   Downregulate NF-κB, TNF-α,              ↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6
                              IL-6, and COX-2 pathways.	
3. Anti-apoptotic action      Balance between Bcl-2/Bax and reduce    ↑ Bcl-2, ↓ Bax, ↓ Caspase-3
                              caspase-3 activation in hepatocytes.	
4. Metal/toxin chelation      SeNPs can bind or transform toxic       ↓ liver metal accumulation
                              metals (Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, As³⁺) 
                              into less harmful complexes.	
5. Mitochondrial protection   Maintain membrane potential,            Preserved ΔΨm, ↑ ATP
                              prevent mitochondrial ROS burst, 
                              and ATP loss.	
6. Regeneration support	      Stimulate hepatocyte proliferation      ↑ PCNA, improved histology
                              and repair via redox signaling 
                              and selenoproteins.

Comparison: SeNPs vs. Sodium Selenite
Property	             SeNPs	                   Sodium Selenite
Toxicity	             Low	                   Moderate–high
Bioavailability	             Controlled, often slow-       Rapid, less controllable
                             release	
ROS balance	             Adaptive, mild antioxidant	   Can flip to pro-oxidant easily
Safety margin	             Wide	                   Narrow
Hepatoprotection	     Strong, sustained	           Protective at low dose, 
                                                           toxic at high dose
"30 mg of Na2SeO3.5H2O was added to 90 mL of Milli-Q water. Ascorbic acid (10 mL, 56.7 mM) was added dropwise to sodium selenite solution with vigorous stirring. 10 µL of polysorbate were added after each 2 ml of ascorbic acid. Selenium nanoparticles were formed after the addition of ascorbic acid. This can be visualized by a color change of the reactant solution from clear white to clear red. All solutions were made in a sterile environment by using a sterile cabinet and double distilled water."
SNP, Silver-NanoParticles: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Silver NanoParticles
Summary:
1. Smaller sizes desirable due to greater surface area, and cell penetration (enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect)
2. Two main types: AgNP and silver ions (big debate on uses: Ag+ turning to AgCl in stomach but AgCl also effective. Take sodium-bicarbonate?
3. Dose example 80kg person: 1.12-2mg/day, which can be calculated based on ppm and volume taken (see below) target < 10ppm and 120mL per day (30ppm and 1L per day caused argyria 30mg/day ) (Case Report: 9‐15 ppm@120mL, i.e. 1.1mg/L to 1.8mg/L per day)
Likely 10ppm --> 10mg/L, hence if take 100mL, then 1mg/day? (for Cancer)
The current Rfd for oral silver exposure is 5 ug/kg/d with a critical dose estimated at 14 ug/kg/d for the average person.
Seems like the Cancer target range is 14ug/kg/day to 25ug/kg/day. 80Kg example: 1.12mg to 2mg “1.4µg/kg body weight. If I would have 70kg, I would want to use 100µg/day. However, for fighting active disease, I would tend to explore higher daily dose, as I think this may be too low.”
4. AntiOxidants/NAC can counter act the effect of Silver NanoParticles from producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial damage . NAC is a supplement form of cysteine, an amino acid that helps make glutathione, a powerful antioxidant.
5. In vitro most reports indicate AgNPs increase ROS in both cancer and normal cell (but in vivo improved antioxidant system of normal may create selectivity)
6. Pathways/mechanisms of action/:
-” intracellular ROS was increased...reduction in levels of glutathione (GSH)”
-”AgNPs affect the function of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)” (likely reducing levels)
-”expression of BAX and BCL2 genes was increased”
-”upregulation of proapoptotic genes (p53, p21, Bax, and caspases) and downregulation of antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2)”
-” upregulation of AMPK and downregulation of mTOR, MMP-9, BCL-2, and α-SMA”
-”p53 is a key player...proapoptotic genes p53 and Bax were significantly increased... noticeable reduction in Bcl-2 transcript levels”
-” p53 participates directly in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by regulating the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization”
- “Proapoptotic markers (BAX/BCL-XL, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, p53, p21, and caspases 3, 8 and 9) increased.”
-”The antiapoptotic markers, AKT and NF-kB, decreased in AgNP-treated cells.”

Silver NanoParticles and Magnetic Fields
Summary:
1. “exposure to PMF increased the ability of AgNPs uptake”
2. 6x improvement from AgNPs alone

could glucose capping of SilverNPs work as trojan horse?

Sodium selenite might protect against toxicity of AgNPs in normal cells.

-uncoated AgNPs can degrade the gut microbiome. PVP, citrate, green-synthesized, chitosan coating, may reduce the effect.
Also may be true for Selenium(Sodium selenite) becuase of antioxidant properties, slowing oxidation of Ag0 to Ag+.
co-ingestion with food (higher pH) favors reduction and lower Ag+ levels.
-action mechanisms of AgNPs: the release of silver ions (Ag+), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), destruction of membrane structure.


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
4440- Se,  SNP,    Selenium, silver, and gold nanoparticles: Emerging strategies for hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation reduction
- Review, NA, NA
*hepatoP↑, This review focuses on the hepatoprotective potential of selenium (SeNPs), silver (AgNPs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), emphasizing their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory mechanisms.
*antiOx↑,
*Inflam↓,
*ROS↓, SeNPs enhance antioxidant defenses by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulating key enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).
*SOD↑,
*GPx↑,
*lipid-P↓, AgNPs exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokine expression, reducing lipid peroxidation, and preserving hepatic architecture.

4601- Se,  SNP,    Antioxidant and hepatoprotective role of selenium against silver nanoparticles
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*TAC↑, However, Se markedly attenuated AgNP-induced biochemical alterations, levels of TAC, CRP, and serum transaminases (AST, ALT) (P<0.05).
*CRP↓,
*AST↓, Pretreatment of rats with Se in AgNP-treated group caused reduction in the levels of AST and ALT
*ALAT↓,
*toxicity↓, Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of AgNPs produces hepatotoxicity in rats, whereas Se supplementation attenuates these effects.
*GSH↑, AgNPs’ treatment led to a decrease in the activity of GSH level, as shown in Figure 3A. However, pretreatment with Se (group 4) led to an increase in the levels of GSH
*SOD↑, Se pretreatment (group 4) increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px significantly (P<0.05) compared to the AgNP group.
*Catalase↑,
*hepatoP↑,

4602- Se,  SNP,  GoldNP,    Advances in nephroprotection: the therapeutic role of selenium, silver, and gold nanoparticles in renal health
- NA, Nor, NA
*ROS↓, Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) minimize oxidative stress, a primary cause of nephrotoxicity through cell regeneration which protects kidneys.
*RenoP↑, Metallic nanoparticles of selenium, silver, and gold can protect the kidneys by lowering oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and improving cell repair
*Inflam↓, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have anti-inflammatory capabilities that help alleviate kidney damage and nephrotoxicity.

4604- Se,  SNP,  Chit,    The ameliorative effect of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against silver nanoparticles-induced ovarian toxicity in female albino rats
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*Dose↝, Group I (control) was given 0.5 ml/kg of distilled water; Group II was given Ag-NPs orally (100 mg/kg); Group III was given Ag-NPs orally (100 mg/kg/d) plus CS-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg/d)
*GSH↑, successfully ameliorated by CS-SeNPs, as indicated by marked increases in GSH and SOD.
*SOD↑,
*toxicity↓, These findings indicate that CS-SeNPs supplementation may offer protection against the ovarian toxicity induced by Ag-NPs.

4607- Se,  SNP,    A Review on synthesis and their antibacterial activity of Silver and Selenium nanoparticles against biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus
- Review, NA, NA
*Bacteria↓, antibacterial activity of Silver and Selenium nanoparticles against biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus
*eff↑, Ag-based antiseptics that may be linked to broad-spectrum activity and far lower propensity to induce microbial resistance than antibiotics
ROS↑, In general, certain selenium compounds are catalytic and produce ROS by their interactionwith thiols, such as reduced glutathione, forming the glutathione selenide anion, GSSe. ̄ ... produced ROS which kills tumor cells
*Dose↝, According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a recommendeddaily dietary selenium intake is 40 μg Se/day
*eff↑, Silver coating of medical devices is believed to preserve infection resistance
toxicity↝, Exact mechanism of selenium toxicity remains unclear but there are many data about its prooxidant effect particularly in the form of selenite,while selenomethionine and selenocysteine are less toxic.
*Sepsis↓, We postulated that high-conc. supplementation of sodium-selenite would recover the outcome of patients with severe sepsis.(14 daily constant infusions of 1000 μg intravenously)
*other↝, Selenium is an essential dietary nutrient for most animals and humans, which is incorporated into twelve or more known proteins or enzymes as an amino acid, selenocysteine.
eff↑, Selenodiglutathione is the most potent selenium compound against cancer cells and readily arrests their growth as compared to selenite and any other selenium compound.

4434- SNP,  Se,    Sodium Selenite Ameliorates Silver Nanoparticles Induced Vascular Endothelial Cytotoxic Injury by Antioxidative Properties and Suppressing Inflammation Through Activating the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway
- vitro+vivo, Nor, NA
*ROS↓, Se showed the capacity against AgNP with biological functions in guiding the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and meanwhile exhibiting anti-inflammation effects
*Inflam↓,
*NLRP3↓, Se supplementation decreased the intracellular ROS release and suppressed NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB
*NF-kB↓,
*NRF2↑, by activating the Nrf2 and antioxidant enzyme (HO-1) signal pathway
*HO-1↑,
*toxicity↓, Several studies have reported that Se was capable of protection against the toxicity of heavy metals, including its role against AgNP-induced toxication.


* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 6

Results for Effect on Cancer/Diseased Cells:
eff↑,1,   ROS↑,1,   toxicity↝,1,  
Total Targets: 3

Results for Effect on Normal Cells:
ALAT↓,1,   antiOx↑,1,   AST↓,1,   Bacteria↓,1,   Catalase↑,1,   CRP↓,1,   Dose↝,2,   eff↑,2,   GPx↑,1,   GSH↑,2,   hepatoP↑,2,   HO-1↑,1,   Inflam↓,3,   lipid-P↓,1,   NF-kB↓,1,   NLRP3↓,1,   NRF2↑,1,   other↝,1,   RenoP↑,1,   ROS↓,3,   Sepsis↓,1,   SOD↑,3,   TAC↑,1,   toxicity↓,3,  
Total Targets: 24

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