Database Query Results : Selenium, , RadioS

Se, Selenium: Click to Expand ⟱

Features: micronutrient

Naturally occurring element. Selenium is incorporated into selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) and thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs), which play critical roles in protecting cells from oxidative damage.
Involved in GPx, TrxR, ans Selenoprotien P which protect normal cells from oxidative stress.
Important in Thyroid hormone metabolism, immune system regulation, reproductive health, and Brain and heart protection.

-recommended daily allowance (RDA) for selenium is about 55 µg/day for adults. (upper tolerance 400ug/day)
-One Brazil nut may contain 50-300ug/nut

Sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) is a selenium compound with well-documented anticancer and chemopreventive properties
-Oxidation state: +4 (selenite form of selenium)
-Type: Inorganic selenium compound (water-soluble)

-Sodium selenite generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) selectively in tumor cells.
-Induces cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation.
-Reduces VEGF expression and endothelial cell migration.
-Blocks cell division at G2/M phase
-Suppresses MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity
-Activates p53
-Inhibits NF-κB
-PI3K/Akt/mTOR Suppression
-Inactivation of Thioredoxin/Glutathione systems

Narrow therapeutic window:
-Low micromolar (≤5 µM) → anticancer
-High (>10 µM) → toxic to normal cells

Some Selenium Supplements use Sodium Selenite as the active ingredient.
- NOW Foods Selenium, Nature's Bounty Selenium, etc

Other common form is Selenomethionine, as it is better absorbed (found in brazil nuts), but might be less effective?

Sodium selenite might protect against toxicity of AgNPs. also here

In the chemical synthesis of selenium nanoparticles, a precursor such as sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) is dissolved in water to form a homogenous solution. A reducing agent, like ascorbic acid or sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), is then added to the solution. The reducing agent donates electrons to the selenium ions (SeO32−SeO32), reducing them to elemental selenium (Se0Se^0). This reduction process leads to the nucleation of selenium atoms, which subsequently grow into nanoparticles through controlled aggregation.

Se NPs might be hepatoprotective.
(chemoprotective) (radioprotective) (radiosensitizer)

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are a biocompatible, less-toxic, 
and more controllable form of selenium compared to inorganic salts (like sodium selenite).
Major SeNPs hepatoprotective mechanisms
Mechanism	              Description	                       Key markers affected
1. Antioxidant activity	      SeNPs boost antioxidant enzyme          ↓ ROS, ↓ MDA, ↑ GSH, ↑ GPx
                              systems (GPx, SOD, CAT) and scavenge 
                              ROS directly.	
2. Anti-inflammatory effect   Downregulate NF-κB, TNF-α,              ↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6
                              IL-6, and COX-2 pathways.	
3. Anti-apoptotic action      Balance between Bcl-2/Bax and reduce    ↑ Bcl-2, ↓ Bax, ↓ Caspase-3
                              caspase-3 activation in hepatocytes.	
4. Metal/toxin chelation      SeNPs can bind or transform toxic       ↓ liver metal accumulation
                              metals (Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, As³⁺) 
                              into less harmful complexes.	
5. Mitochondrial protection   Maintain membrane potential,            Preserved ΔΨm, ↑ ATP
                              prevent mitochondrial ROS burst, 
                              and ATP loss.	
6. Regeneration support	      Stimulate hepatocyte proliferation      ↑ PCNA, improved histology
                              and repair via redox signaling 
                              and selenoproteins.

Comparison: SeNPs vs. Sodium Selenite
Property	             SeNPs	                   Sodium Selenite
Toxicity	             Low	                   Moderate–high
Bioavailability	             Controlled, often slow-       Rapid, less controllable
                             release	
ROS balance	             Adaptive, mild antioxidant	   Can flip to pro-oxidant easily
Safety margin	             Wide	                   Narrow
Hepatoprotection	     Strong, sustained	           Protective at low dose, 
                                                           toxic at high dose

"30 mg of Na2SeO3.5H2O was added to 90 mL of Milli-Q water. Ascorbic acid (10 mL, 56.7 mM) was added dropwise to sodium selenite solution with vigorous stirring. 10 µL of polysorbate were added after each 2 ml of ascorbic acid. Selenium nanoparticles were formed after the addition of ascorbic acid. This can be visualized by a color change of the reactant solution from clear white to clear red. All solutions were made in a sterile environment by using a sterile cabinet and double distilled water."

RadioS, RadioSensitizer: Click to Expand ⟱

Source:

Type:

A radiosensitizer is an agent that makes cancer cells more sensitive to the damaging effects of radiation therapy. By using a radiosensitizer, clinicians aim to enhance the effectiveness of radiation treatment by either increasing the damage incurred by tumor cells or by interfering with the cancer cells’ repair mechanisms. This can potentially allow for lower doses of radiation, reduced side effects, or improved treatment outcomes.
Pathways that help Radiosensitivity: downregulating HIF-1α, increase SIRT1, Txr

List of Natural Products with radiosensitizing properties:
-Curcumin:modulate NF-κB, STAT3 and has been shown in preclinical studies to enhance the effects of radiation by inhibiting cell survival pathways.
-Resveratrol:
-EGCG:
-Quercetin:
-Genistein:
-Parthenolide:

How radiosensitizers inhibit the thioredoxin (Trx) system in cellular contexts. Notable radiosensitizers, including:
-gold nanoparticles (GNPs),
-gold triethylphosphine cyanide ([Au(SCN) (PEt3)]),
-auranofin, ceria nanoparticles (CONPs),
-curcumin and its derivatives,
-piperlongamide,
-indolequinone derivatives,
-micheliolide,
-motexafin gadolinium, and
-ethane selenide selenidazole derivatives (SeDs)

Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱

4615-

Se,

Rad,

Selenium as an adjuvant for modification of radiation response

Review,

Nor,

*antiOx↑, Selenium is a trace element in the body that has shown potent antioxidant and radioprotective effects for many years
*radioP↑,
*GSH↑, via upregulation of glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione peroxidase activity
*GPx↑,
*Dose↝, recent years have shown that selenium is able to mitigate radiation toxicity when administered after exposure.
selectivity↑, selenium protects different normal cells against radiation, while it may sensitize tumor cells.
RadioS↑, its radiosensitive effect on cancer cells.

4472-

Se,

Therapeutic potential of selenium nanoparticles

Review,

Var,

*ROS↓, Moreover, it is a cofactor of anti-oxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase) that safeguards our human body from reactive oxygen species (ROS).
*BioAv↑, SeNPs have displayed stupendous properties which have resulted in their maximum utilization for various crucial applications. They are biocompatible and exhibit excellent bioavailability, high affinity, biological activity, good permeability, and int
*antiOx↑, and intestinal absorption, as well as anti-oxidant activities
toxicity↓, NPs have lower toxicity than inorganic Se and other organoselenium compound
eff↑, This is because only a single-step reduction from the elemental selenium atom to selenide anion is required to activate redox cycling with oxygen to produce ROS while multiple-step reduction is necessary for selenite
*other↝, SeNPs are normally unstable in the liquid phase and extremely easy to aggregate which results in the formation of gray or black selenium with a large particle size.
EPR↑, It has been discovered that NPs of sizes ranging between 10 and 100 nm can penetrate deep into the tumor tissues and destroy cancer cells without affecting healthier ones, an effect termed as “enhanced permeation and retention”
selectivity↑,
eff↑, Amidst the efficient nanoparticle family, SeNPs have excelled in proving to be one of the best NPs available for cancer therapy.
RadioS↑, SeNPs (act as a radiosensitizer) were not affected by radiation instead a greater concentration of intracellular Se ions was induced, leading to an increase in its toxicity by rapid generation of free radicals.
eff↑, Small-sized SeNPs exhibited greater inhibition of cancer cell progression through the ROS-mediated system, and no side effects were observed on increasing selenoenzyme activities.
*Bacteria↓, Reports have demonstrated the exemplary features of SeNPs that enable them to be a powerful anti-microbial agent

4469-

Se,

Selenium Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Unveiling Cytotoxic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Review,

Var,

antiOx↑, SeNPs demonstrate intrinsic antioxidant properties that counteract oxidative stress commonly observed in cancer cells.
selectivity↑, They modulate critical cellular pathways and exhibit selective toxicity, damaging cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues.
eff↑, Additionally, their biocompatibility and capacity to deliver therapeutic agents contribute to improved safety and efficacy compared to other nanoparticle platforms.
AntiCan↑, Additionally, SeNPs modified with ferulic acid showed promising anticancer effects against HepG2 cells, triggering apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways through the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and disruption of mitochondrial m
Apoptosis↑,
ROS↑,
MMP↓,
Casp3↑,
Casp9↑,
AntiTum↑, Furthermore, in vivo experiments using zebrafish models confirmed the inhibitory effects of SeNPs on tumor growth, migration, and angiogenesis.
TumCG↓,
TumMeta↓,
angioG↓,
Cyt‑c↑, leading to the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, culminating in cell death and the induction of permanent DNA damage.
DNAdam↑,
RadioS↑, Interestingly, the caspase expression was enhanced under X-ray exposure compared to absence, suggesting a synergistic effect between SeNPs and radiation therapy
BBB↑, SeNPs have shown promise in glioblastoma treatment by significantly reducing cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, indicating their potential to cross the BBB and serve as an alternative therapeutic approach for gliomas
*toxicity↓, However, at proper concentrations, SeNPs are nontoxic to healthy cells, unlike other chemotherapeutic drugs
ChemoSen↑, Anticancer Activity of SeNPs via Autophagy, ROS, and Chemosensitization

4611-

Se,

Rad,

Radioprotective Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles: A Mini Review

Review,

Var,

*antiOx↑, The reviewed studies showed that selenium nanoparticles had anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
*Inflam↓,
*radioP↑, Furthermore, there was evidence of efficient radioprotection for the organs examined without significant side effects.
*ROCK1↓, Selenium nanoparticles can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by ionizing radiation, protect normal cells from DNA damage and apoptosis, and increase the radiosensitivity of tumor cells.
*DNAdam↓,
*Apoptosis↓,
*RadioS↑,
*Dose↝, The studies that mainly used a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight of SeNPs to assess its radioprotective effects were included for analysis. This dose of SeNPs was effective in preventing kidney and liver damage caused by IR.

1706-

Se,

Selenium in Prostate Cancer: Prevention, Progression, and Treatment

Review,

Pca,

Risk∅, randomized controlled studies have shown that selenium supplementation does not prevent prostate cancer (HR: 0.95; 95% CI 0.80–1.13).
ChemoSen↑, In the context of combinatorial therapy, selenium has demonstrated promising synergistic potential in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Risk↓, Moreover, there is increasing evidence suggesting that selenium can serve as a preventive agent, and the levels of selenium in the bloodstream may be linked to the development of prostate cancer
toxicity↝, Interestingly, both low and high levels of selenium have shown potential implications.
Risk↑, Generally, lower serum selenium status has been correlated with an increased risk of cancer.
eff↑, Furthermore, foundational studies have proposed that antioxidants, such as vitamin E and lycopene [50], may enhance the effectiveness of selenium in preventing the formation of mammary tumors.
*toxicity↑, selenium supplementation after diagnosis and found that supplementation of 140 μg/day or more following a nonmetastatic prostate cancer diagnosis increased prostate cancer mortality.
RadioS↑, Sodium selenite, for instance, has demonstrated a significant enhancement of the radiosensitizing effect in both HI–LAPC-4 and PC-3 xenograft tumors
eff↓, Additionally, another study [59] provided valuable evidence indicating that prostate cancer patients with low levels of selenium and lycopene are more susceptible to DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation.
eff↑, Husbeck et al. highlighted that selenite increases sensitivity to gamma radiation in prostate cancer by reducing the ratio of GSH:GSSG
ChemoSen↑, while selenium supplementation alone did not demonstrate a positive effect on prostate cancer progression, it shows promise in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy while mitigating their associated side effects during cancer treatm
ChemoSideEff↓,

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 5

Results for Effect on Cancer/Diseased Cells:
angioG↓,1, AntiCan↑,1, antiOx↑,1, AntiTum↑,1, Apoptosis↑,1, BBB↑,1, Casp3↑,1, Casp9↑,1, ChemoSen↑,3, ChemoSideEff↓,1, Cyt‑c↑,1, DNAdam↑,1, eff↓,1, eff↑,6, EPR↑,1, MMP↓,1, RadioS↑,4, Risk↓,1, Risk↑,1, Risk∅,1, ROS↑,1, selectivity↑,3, toxicity↓,1, toxicity↝,1, TumCG↓,1, TumMeta↓,1,
Total Targets: 26

Results for Effect on Normal Cells:
antiOx↑,3, Apoptosis↓,1, Bacteria↓,1, BioAv↑,1, DNAdam↓,1, Dose↝,2, GPx↑,1, GSH↑,1, Inflam↓,1, other↝,1, radioP↑,2, RadioS↑,1, ROCK1↓,1, ROS↓,1, toxicity↓,1, toxicity↑,1,
Total Targets: 16

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: RadioS, RadioSensitizer

5 Selenium
2 Radiotherapy/Radiation

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Database Query Results : Selenium, , RadioS

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