Gold NanoParticles Cancer Research Results

GoldNP, Gold NanoParticles: Click to Expand ⟱

Features:

Gold NanoParticles are often used as drug carrier. Has impressive optical properties.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are best treated as a nanomaterial “platform” (theranostic / drug-delivery / energy-enhancement adjunct) rather than a single drug. In oncology, their value comes from physics + delivery: Au strongly absorbs/scatters light (plasmonics) enabling photothermal tumor heating; it is a high-Z material that can amplify radiation dose deposition (radiosensitization); and it can be engineered (size/shape/surface ligands) to accumulate in tumors and carry payloads (drugs, immune agonists, imaging dyes). The main translation constraints are heterogeneous tumor delivery (EPR variability), biodistribution/clearance (often liver/spleen uptake), and the fact that many impressive in-vitro effects depend on exposure levels not always achieved in human tumors.

Gold Nanoparticles — Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs; GoldNPs) are engineered nanoscale particles containing elemental gold, commonly formulated as spheres, nanorods, nanoshells, nanoclusters, or gold-coated composite particles and frequently modified with PEG, antibodies, peptides, nucleic acids, or therapeutic payloads. They are best classified as a nanomedicine / theranostic platform rather than as a single pharmacologic drug. Their major oncology value derives from the high atomic number of gold, strong and tunable plasmonic optical absorption, readily functionalized surface chemistry, and the ability of selected formulations to accumulate in tumors. Biological activity is highly dependent on particle size, shape, coating, surface charge, attached payload, intracellular localization, and external energy source; therefore mechanistic findings from one AuNP formulation should not automatically be generalized to other AuNPs.

Primary mechanisms (ranked):

Photothermal conversion: plasmonic AuNPs, particularly nanoshells and nanorods, absorb near-infrared light and convert it to localized heat, producing thermal tumor ablation.
Radiosensitization: the high atomic number of gold increases local radiation energy deposition and secondary-electron production, augmenting DNA damage and tumor-cell killing.
Tumor-targeted delivery and intratumoral accumulation: AuNPs can alter the pharmacokinetics and spatial distribution of attached drugs, nucleic acids, proteins, imaging agents, or immune modulators.
Targeted molecular delivery: surface-conjugated siRNA, antibodies, peptides, cytokines, and drugs can produce formulation-specific pathway inhibition that is attributable primarily to the payload rather than elemental gold.
ROS and oxidative DNA damage amplification: secondary ROS generation and redox disruption can enhance radiation-, photothermal-, or formulation-induced cellular injury.
Theranostic imaging and treatment localization: gold provides strong X-ray attenuation and optical/photoacoustic properties that can be combined with therapy to identify nanoparticle localization and guide treatment.

Bioavailability / PK relevance: AuNP pharmacokinetics are formulation-dependent rather than describable by a single bioavailability value. Intravenous particles commonly undergo protein-corona formation and substantial mononuclear-phagocyte-system sequestration, particularly in liver and spleen. Particle size, hydrodynamic diameter, surface charge and PEGylation strongly affect circulation time, tumor deposition, intracellular uptake and clearance. Larger nanoshell-type particles may persist in reticuloendothelial organs, whereas ultrasmall gold nanoclusters can be engineered for substantial renal elimination. Tumor accumulation through the enhanced permeability and retention effect is heterogeneous and should not be assumed to provide uniform or deep tumor delivery.

In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Direct AuNP concentrations and intracellular loading achieved in cultured cells can substantially exceed or differ from exposure achievable within human tumors after systemic administration. Consequently, pathway findings such as apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, PI3K/Akt inhibition, EGFR inhibition, TrxR suppression or ROS induction should not be generalized to elemental AuNPs unless demonstrated for the specific clinically relevant formulation. Photothermal and radiosensitizing effects are additionally dependent on particle localization and external light or ionizing-radiation geometry rather than conventional systemic drug concentration alone.

Clinical evidence status: Small human / investigational platform with formulation-specific clinical evidence. The strongest direct oncology evidence is for intravenously administered gold-silica nanoshells followed by near-infrared focal photothermal ablation of localized prostate cancer. A multicenter feasibility study treated 44 evaluable men and reported negative biopsy within the treated zone in approximately 73% at 12 months while generally preserving urinary and sexual function. Other human studies include phase I CYT-6091 gold-bound TNF delivery and a first-in-human phase 0 trial of the BCL2L12-targeting gold spherical nucleic acid NU-0129 in recurrent glioblastoma. AuNP radiosensitization remains predominantly preclinical. Gold nanoparticles are not established as a general approved anticancer drug; importantly, FDA 510(k) clearance of the AuroLase Laser Delivery Device concerns the laser-delivery hardware and does not constitute approval of AuNPs as a systemic cancer therapeutic.

Platform : AuNP, Gold NanoParticles
Gold nanoparticles are engineered high-Z nanomaterials used in oncology primarily as (1) photothermal transducers, (2) radiosensitizers, and (3) targeted delivery/theranostic carriers. Effects are strongly dependent on particle size/shape/coating, tumor delivery (EPR/targeting), and whether an external energy source (light, radiation) is applied.

Gold Nanoparticle Cancer-Relevant Mechanisms

Rank	Pathway / Axis	Cancer Cells	Normal Cells	TSF	Primary Effect	Notes / Interpretation
1	Plasmonic photothermal conversion	Thermal injury ↑; protein denaturation ↑; membrane injury ↑; tumor cell death ↑	Thermal injury ↔ to ↑ depending on localization and illumination geometry	P, R	Focal tumor ablation	One of the most clinically advanced AuNP applications. Requires external NIR illumination. Effect depends strongly on particle optical resonance, tumor accumulation and laser placement.
2	High-Z radiosensitization	Radiation energy deposition ↑; secondary electrons ↑; DNA damage ↑; clonogenic survival ↓	Radiation enhancement ↔ to ↑ if particles accumulate in irradiated normal tissue	P, R	Radiotherapy amplification	Strong preclinical rationale. Physical dose enhancement is supplemented by biological amplification of oxidative and DNA damage. Clinical validation remains limited.
3	Tumor delivery and accumulation	Intratumoral AuNP concentration ↑ (context-dependent); payload delivery ↑	Liver and spleen uptake ↑; macrophage sequestration ↑	G	Therapeutic localization	EPR-mediated accumulation is heterogeneous. Active targeting can improve cellular recognition but does not necessarily overcome poor vascular delivery or deep-tumor penetration.
4	Payload and nucleic acid delivery	Target-specific inhibition or activation ↑ (formulation-dependent); therapeutic payload exposure ↑	Off-target payload exposure ↔ to ↑ depending on biodistribution	R, G	Targeted molecular therapy	Examples include siRNA, TNF, chemotherapy and receptor-targeted constructs. Pathway modulation generally reflects the attached therapeutic molecule rather than elemental gold.
5	Oxidative stress and DNA damage amplification	ROS ↑; oxidative DNA damage ↑; apoptosis ↑ (context-dependent)	ROS ↔ to ↑ with excessive or off-target exposure	P, R	Stress-mediated tumor killing	Usually secondary to radiation, photothermal treatment or specific surface chemistry rather than a universal intrinsic AuNP mechanism.
6	Thioredoxin and redox regulation	TrxR ↓ (formulation-dependent); antioxidant capacity ↓; radiation sensitivity ↑	Redox disruption ↔ to ↑ depending on intracellular exposure	R, G	Radiosensitization and oxidative stress amplification	Reported for specific AuNP systems and may contribute to radiosensitization, but should not be assigned universally to all AuNP formulations.
7	Mitochondrial apoptosis	MMP ↓; BAX ↑; Bcl-2 ↓; caspase activation ↑ (formulation-dependent)	Mitochondrial injury ↔ to ↑ at sufficiently high cellular exposure	R, G	Apoptotic cell death	Common in experimental AuNP conjugates but highly dependent on coating, attached drug, particle concentration and cell type. Not a defining mechanism of inert gold cores.
8	Theranostic imaging	CT attenuation ↑; optical and photoacoustic localization ↑	Off-target particle deposition may also be visualized	P, R	Treatment localization and monitoring	High X-ray attenuation and plasmonic optical properties allow imaging to be integrated with treatment planning and confirmation of nanoparticle delivery.
9	Clinical Translation Constraint	Tumor exposure highly variable; deep penetration ↓; effective particle concentration context-dependent	Liver and spleen retention ↑; long-term particle burden context-dependent	G	Delivery and safety limitation	Particle size, surface chemistry, protein corona, macrophage uptake, renal-clearance threshold, tumor vascularity and treatment geometry strongly determine efficacy. Results from different AuNP formulations should not be pooled mechanistically.

TSF: P: 0–30 min R: 30 min–3 hr G: >3 hr

Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱

4564-

AgNPs,

GoldNP,

Cu,

Chemo,

PDT

Cytotoxicity and targeted drug delivery of green synthesized metallic nanoparticles against oral Cancer: A review

Review,

Var,

ROS↑, graphical abstract
DNAdam↑, inducing cell death through apoptotic signaling pathways, and inducing excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells, which leads to oxidative damage and increased production of proapoptotic enzymes
TumCCA↑,
eff↑, Metallic nanoparticles, especially those derived from metals, improve the effectiveness of anticancer agents by facilitating targeted delivery and sustained release at tumor sites.
Apoptosis↑,
eff↓, Au NPs are notable for their biocompatibility and are utilized in photothermal therapy to convert light into heat, effectively destroying cancer cells
ChemoSen↑, Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) induce apoptosis through ROS production and enhance the impact of chemotherapy drugs, synthesized with plant extracts as reducing agents.

4547-

AgNPs,

GoldNP,

VitC,

Exploration of Biocompatible Ascorbic Acid Reduced and Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles, as Sensitive and Selective Detection Nanoplatform for Silver Ion in Solution

Study,

NA,

*eff↑, the addition of Ag+ to AA-AuNPs solution (pH 10) resulted in naked-eye color transitions from red to orange and yellow, with a blue shift in the absorption maximum from 522 to 400 nm

4361-

AgNPs,

GoldNP,

Biocompatible silver, gold and silver/gold alloy nanoparticles for enhanced cancer therapy: in vitro and in vivo perspectives

in-vivo,

Liver,

HepG2

IC50 values of the AgNPs, AuNPs and Ag/AuNPs on HepG2 cells were determined as 38.42 μg ml-1, 43.25 μg ml-1 and 39.20 μg ml-1

Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model

TumCD↑, IC50 values of the AgNPs, AuNPs and Ag/AuNPs on HepG2 cells were determined as 38.42 μg ml-1, 43.25 μg ml-1 and 39.20 μg ml-1
TumVol↓, tumour reduction (∼45 to 65%) was observed in the nanoparticle-treated animal
*toxicity↝, The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) for the AgNPs was determined to be 2000 mg per kg of body weight (bw) from an acute toxicity test.
hepatoP↑, (Ag/AuNPs) for hepatoprotective activity against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer in a Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model

1907-

AgNPs,

GoldNP,

Cu,

In vitro antitumour activity of water soluble Cu(I), Ag(I) and Au(I) complexes supported by hydrophilic alkyl phosphine ligands

in-vitro,

Lung,

A549

in-vitro,

BC,

MCF7

in-vitro,

Melanoma,

A375

in-vitro,

Colon,

HCT15

in-vitro,

Cerv,

HeLa

TrxR↓, In particular, [Au(PTA)4]PF6 was able to decrease by 50% TrxR activity at 4.2 nM
eff↓, C 50 value calculated for [Ag(PTA) 4]PF6 was 10.3 nM.
eff↓, Conversely, [Cu(PTA)4]PF6 was found to be much less effective in inhibiting this cytosolic selenoenzyme, with an IC50 value of 89.5 nM, roughly from 9 to 21 times higher than those calculated for silver and gold derivatives,
other∅, To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a phosphino silver complex acting as TrxR inhibitor.

1906-

AgNPs,

GoldNP,

Cu,

Current Progresses in Metal-based Anticancer Complexes as Mammalian TrxR Inhibitors

Review,

Var,

TrxR↓, 183(Au) was able to decrease TrxR activity by 50% at 4.20 nM
eff↓, IC 50 value calculated for 184(Ag) was 10.30 nM
eff↓, Conversely, 185(Cu) was found to be much less effective in inhibiting TrxR activity, with an IC 50 value of 89.50 nM

5385-

AsP,

GoldNP,

GEM,

Development of ascorbyl palmitate based hydrophobic gold nanoparticles as a nanocarrier system for gemcitabine delivery

in-vitro,

BC,

 0.44 μg/mL

 The Au-GEM-
AsP-MOD

ROS↑, At pharmacologic concentrations, ascorbate undergoes oxidation via ascorbate radical, generating cytotoxic hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) through Fenton chemistry
Fenton↑,
BioAv↑, Although AsP is more stable than vitamin C, its poor release capacity and water insolubility limit its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy15,17. Thus, incorporating it into nanoparticle carriers can enhance circulation time and tumor accumulatio
EPR↑, Nanoparticles sized 30–200 nm enhance cell uptake via increased surface area and membrane wrapping, effectively accumulating in tumors

2022-

BBR,

GoldNP,

Rad,

Berberine-loaded Janus gold mesoporous silica nanocarriers for chemo/radio/photothermal therapy of liver cancer and radiation-induced injury inhibition

in-vitro,

Liver,

SMMC-7721 cell

in-vitro,

Nor,

HL7702

*toxicity↓, Berberine (Ber), an isoquinolin alkaloid with low toxicity and protective effects against radiotherapy
radioP↑,
BioAv↑, We preloaded Ber into folic acid targeting Janus gold mesoporous silica nanocarriers (FA-JGMSNs) for overcoming the poor bioavailability of Ber.
AntiTum↑, highly efficient anti-tumor effect, good biosafety
selectivity↑, as well as the effective protection of normal tissue of this nanoplatform.
eff↑, These selective distributions of Ber in cancer cells and normal cells originated from selective endocytosis as well as pH-responsive drug release, which were conducive to achieving an improved therapeutic effect of Ber.
chemoP↑, Notably, chemo/radio/photothermal therapeutics didn’t cause the amounts of deaths of HL-7702 cells, indicating an excellent biosafety of the triple-model therapy.

661-

EGCG,

GoldNP,

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles: Preparation and Evaluation of Anticancer Efficacy in Ehrlich Tumor-Bearing Mice

vitro+vivo,

NA,

Apoptosis↑, EGCG-GNPs had significantly better in vivo anticancer efficacy
TumVol↓, half size compared to control

7305-

GoldNP,

Rad,

The use of gold nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in mice

in-vivo,

Var,

mice

Dose↝, EMT-6 mammary carcinomas received a single intravenous injection of 1.9 nm diameter gold particles (up to 2.7 g Au/kg body weight), which elevated concentrations of gold to 7 mg Au/g in tumours.
selectivity↑, Tumour-to-normal-tissue gold concentration ratios remained approximately 8:1 during several minutes of 250 kVp x-ray therapy.
toxicity↝, The gold nanoparticles were apparently non-toxic to mice and were largely cleared from the body through the kidneys.
RadioS↑, This novel use of small gold nanoparticles permitted achievement of the high metal content in tumours necessary for significant high-Z radioenhancement.

401-

GoldNP,

MF,

In vitro evaluation of electroporated gold nanoparticles and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic field anticancer activity against Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells

in-vitro,

Laryn,

HEp2

50mT/15mins

4.79 μg/mL IC50 for Au-NP

Casp3↑,
P53↑,
BAX↑,
Bcl-2↓,

7304-

GoldNP,

Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Studies of CYT-6091, a Novel PEGylated Colloidal Gold-rhTNF Nanomedicine

Dose↝, Doses from 50 μg/m2 to 600 μg/m2 were well tolerated, and no MTD was reached, as the highest dose exceeded the target dosage of 1 mg rhTNF per treatment, exceeding the previous MTD for native rhTNF by 3-fold.
toxicity↝, The first 2 patients on the study, each receiving 50 μg/m2, did not receive any prophylactic anti-pyretics or H2 blockade. A predicted, yet controllable fever occurred in these patients, so all subsequently treated patients received prophylactic anti
Dose↑, These data indicate that rhTNF formulated as CYT-6091 may be administered systemically at doses of rhTNF that were previously shown to be toxic and that CYT-6091 may target to tumors

7303-

GoldNP,

PDT,

Gold nanoshell-localized photothermal ablation of prostate tumors in a clinical pilot device study

Trial,

Pca,

Fifteen of the initial 16 patients successfully completed the treatment protocol.

eff↑, Gold-silica nanoparticles designed to absorb near-infrared light at wavelengths of high tissue transparency provide a highly localized light-based strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer, with substantially reduced risks for deleterious treatme
PSA↓, Median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at baseline decreased from 6.7 ng/mL at baseline to 3.9 ng/mL at 3 mo

7306-

GoldNP,

Rad,

Gold nanoparticles enhance the radiation therapy of a murine squamous cell carcinoma

in-vivo,

SCC,

radioresistant mouse squamous cell carcinoma.

eff↑, Hyperthermia and radiation therapy (RT) were synergistic and AuNPs enhanced this synergy, thereby further reducing TCD50 s (tumor control dose 50%) and increasing long-term survivals.
RadioS↑, It is concluded that gold nanoparticles enhance the radiation therapy of a radioresistant mouse squamous cell carcinoma.

6062-

GoldNP,

SeNPs,

Nanotechnology-based Targeting of Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Promising Tool for Efficient Delivery of Neuromedicines

Review,

AD,

*DDS↑, nanocarriers have shown their great potential to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and have emerged as a prominent carrier system in drug delivery.
*BBB↑,
*eff↑, e.g., polysaccharide-based NPs, polymeric NPs, selenium NPs, AuNPs, protein-based NPs, gadolinium NPs, etc.), that showed great therapeutic benefits against NDs.

7307-

GoldNP,

Rad,

Uptake and excretion dynamics of gold nanoparticles in cancer cells and fibroblasts

in-vitro,

GBM,

U87MG

in-vitro,

Cerv,

HeLa

in-vitro,

Pca,

PC3

in-vitro,

PC,

Bxpc-3

eff↑, As a major finding, the retention of Au@DTDTPA nanoparticles was found to be higher in cancer cells than in fibroblasts. This result strengthens the strategy of using nanoagents to improve tumor selectivity of radiation treatments.

5390-

GoldNP,

GEM,

AsP,

Optimizing Gold Nanoparticles for Combination Therapy: Development of Hydrophobic Nanomedical Devices with Gemcitabine and Ascorbyl Palmitate

in-vitro,

BC,

4T1

EPR↑, AuNPs were modified via single-phase emulsification to form a nanoemulsion coated with a hydrophobic AsP layer, improving tumor targeting through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.
eff↑, The Au-GEM-AsP-COV formulation demonstrated superior hydrophobicity, sustained release, and enhanced cytotoxicity (IC50 of 0.44 µg/mL) in the 4T1 cell line, significantly outperforming free GEM and modified Au-GEM formulations.

7308-

GoldNP,

Colloidal gold: a novel nanoparticle for targeted cancer therapeutics

Review,

Var,

selectivity↑, Electron micrographs demonstrated up to a 10-fold increase in the number of gold nanoparticles in tumors from 5 to 6 patients as compared to adjacent normal tissue
eff↑, TNF-bound colloidal gold does accumulate preferentially within tumors and appears to do so via an active mechanism.

4597-

GoldNP,

Chit,

Influence of chitosan coating on the oral bioavailability of gold nanoparticles in rats

in-vivo,

NA,

Rats

*BioAv↑, The oral bioavailability of C-AuNPs was found to be 2.46% (approximately 25 folds higher than polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated gold nanoparticles, reported earlier)

4420-

GoldNP,

Rad,

Computational modeling and experimental synthesis of BSA-coated bimetallic theranostic MnO₂-Au@curcumin nanoplatform for synergistic radiochemotherapy of breast cancer

in-vitro,

BC,

4T1

RadioS↑, In vitro studies on 4T1 breast carcinoma cells demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity and enhanced radiosensitization under 4 Gy X-ray irradiation, attributed to Au's increased X-ray absorption and CUR's synergistic action.

3526-

GoldNP,

Rad,

Advances in nanoparticle-based radiotherapy for cancer treatment

Review,

Var,

RadioS↑, Specifically, numerous NPs, particularly gold NPs (AuNPs) and hafnium oxide (HfO2) NPs (such as NBTXR3), have been shown to substantially augment the local radiation dose
EPR↑, Functionalized NPs have the capability to preferentially accumulate in tumor tissues via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, thereby minimizing adverse effects on healthy tissues and enhancing the specificity of therapeutic interve
ROS↑, encompass enhanced ROS generation, inhibition of hypoxia, targeted radiation, improvement of the tumor immune microenvironment, and induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest (Table 1)
TumCCA↑,

1904-

GoldNP,

AgNPs,

Unveiling the Potential of Innovative Gold(I) and Silver(I) Selenourea Complexes as Anticancer Agents Targeting TrxR and Cellular Redox Homeostasis

in-vitro,

Lung,

H157

in-vitro,

BC,

MCF7

in-vitro,

Colon,

HCT15

in-vitro,

Melanoma,

A375

TrxR↓, selectively inhibit the redox‐regulating enzyme Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR), being even more effective than auranofin
selectivity↑, Innovative Au(I) and Ag(I) NHC‐based selenourea complexes exhibit a prominent anticancer effect by selectively targeting TrxR in human cancer cells
eff↑, [AuCl{Se(SIMes)}] being the most effective derivative, and able to almost completely abolish TrxR1 activity even at 0.5 nM
eff↝, These results, highlighting the superior activity of gold with respect to silver complexes
ROS↑, treatment of H157 cells with either Au(I) or Ag(I) complexes determined a substantial time‐dependent increase in cellular basal ROS production
MMP↓, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as well as loss of mitochondrial shape and integrity (swelling), possibly leading to the induction of cell apoptosis.
Apoptosis↑,
eff↑, both Ag(I) and Au(I) selenourea complexes were found to selectively and strongly inhibit mammalian TrxR, being even much more effective than the reference metallodrug auranofin

1901-

GoldNP,

Rad,

The role of thioredoxin reductase in gold nanoparticle radiosensitization effects

in-vitro,

Lung,

A549

10nm, 50 ug Au/ml

MMP↓, GNP incubation led to a time-dependent mitochondria membrane depolarization, oxidative stress and to x-ray and proton radiosensitization.
ROS↑,
RadioS↑,
TrxR↓, We reported a marked inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in cells incubated with GNPs

1407-

GoldNP,

The antioxidant effects of silver, gold, and zinc oxide nanoparticles on male mice in in vivo condition

in-vivo,

NA,

mice

ROS↑, decreased antioxidant enzyme activities
GPx↓, significant decreases were seen in the GPX and CAT activities in mice treated with ZnONPs (P < 0.05) and in mice treated with AuNPs (P < 0.05).
Catalase↓,

3496-

MFrot,

GoldNP,

MF,

Enhancement of chemotherapy effects by non-lethal magneto-mechanical actuation of gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles

in-vitro,

Cerv,

HeLa

eff↑, Here, we show how the MMA method based on magnetically-rotated gold-coated MNP boosts only the activity of an unbound antitumor drug, without physical damage of cells via MNP
tumCV↓, Au@MNP particles, slightly rotated by an external magnetic field, manages to be significantly more effective in decreasing tumor cell viability compared to chemotherapy alone.

62-

QC,

GoldNP,

Gold nanoparticles-conjugated quercetin induces apoptosis via inhibition of EGFR/PI3K/Akt-mediated pathway in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231)

in-vitro,

BC,

MCF7

 50 uM

in-vitro,

BC,

MDA-MB-231

 100 uM

EGFR↓, AuNPs-Qu-5 treatment inhibited the EGFR and its downstream signalling molecules PI3K/Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β.
PI3k/Akt/mTOR↓, PI3K/Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β
GSK‐3β↓,
TumCP↓, AuNPs-Qu-5 in breast cancer cell lines curtails cell proliferation through induction of apoptosis and also suppresses EGFR signalling.
Apoptosis↑,
tumCV↓, Cell viability of free AuNPs, free Qu, and AuNPs‐Qu‐5 was tested on breast cancer cell lines (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231), and it was found that free Qu and AuNPs‐Qu‐5 decreased the cell viability.
mTOR↓, AuNPs‐Qu‐5 treated cells downregulated mTOR protein and upregulated PTEN protein expression compared to free Qu
PTEN↑,

7380-

RS,

GoldNP,

A Comparative Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antineoplastic Potential of Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Leaf Extract with Its Biologically Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles (R-AuNPs)

in-vitro,

Var,

AntiCan↑, anti-cancer activity against the human cervical cancer (Hela) cell line was evaluated, and the MTT assay results revealed that R-AuNPs (IC50 88.3 µg/mL) had an enhanced anti-cancer potential in contrast to RSALE (171.5 µg/mL).
*antiOx↑, RSALE and R-AuNPs exhibited high antioxidant activity and a high capacity for scavenging free radicals.

4602-

SeNPs,

AgNPs,

GoldNP,

Advances in nephroprotection: the therapeutic role of selenium, silver, and gold nanoparticles in renal health

NA,

Nor,

*ROS↓, Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) minimize oxidative stress, a primary cause of nephrotoxicity through cell regeneration which protects kidneys.
*RenoP↑, Metallic nanoparticles of selenium, silver, and gold can protect the kidneys by lowering oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and improving cell repair
*Inflam↓, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have anti-inflammatory capabilities that help alleviate kidney damage and nephrotoxicity.

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 27 of 27

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 27

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 1, ROS↓, 1,

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

BBB↑, 1,

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

Inflam↓, 1,

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↑, 1, DDS↑, 1, eff↑, 2,

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

RenoP↑, 1, toxicity↓, 1, toxicity↝, 1,
Total Targets: 10

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:180  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=on  sortOrder:rid,rpid

Gold NanoParticles Cancer Research Results

Gold Nanoparticle Cancer-Relevant Mechanisms

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

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