Database Query Results : salinomycin, ,

Sal, salinomycin: Click to Expand ⟱

Features:

Salinomycin is a polyether ionophore antibiotic that is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces albus. It was first isolated in 1979 and has been found to have a range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties.
It has been shown to induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in a range of cancer cell lines, including breast, lung, and colon cancer cells. Salinomycin has also been found to inhibit the growth of cancer stem cells.
Salinomycin, a widely used antibiotic in poultry farming

Actions:
-Strong activity against cancer stem cells
-Disrupts mitochondrial ion gradients → ROS
-Non-thiol, non-NRF2 dominant

Key pathways
-Mitochondrial K⁺ dysregulation
-ROS-mediated apoptosis
-Wnt/β-catenin inhibition

Chemo relevance
-Generally compatible or synergistic
-Not a redox buffer

Rank	Pathway / Target Axis	Direction	Primary Effect	Notes / Cancer Relevance	Ref
1	K+ ionophore activity / ionic homeostasis	↑ K+ transport (ionophore) / ↓ intracellular K+ homeostasis	Electrochemical disruption	Salinomycin is directly described as a potassium ionophore in mechanistic studies of its anticancer effects	(ref)
2	Cancer stem cell (CSC) fraction / stemness programs	↓ CSC proportion / tumor-initiating capacity	Selective CSC depletion	Landmark study showing salinomycin strongly reduces CSC proportion (e.g., >100-fold vs paclitaxel in their assay context) and inhibits tumor growth in vivo	(ref)
3	Wnt/β-catenin signaling	↓	Loss of self-renewal signaling	Primary mechanistic paper identifying salinomycin as an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling cascade	(ref)
4	Wnt co-receptor LRP6 (Wnt pathway control point)	↓ LRP6 / ↓ Wnt signaling	Wnt pathway suppression	Shows salinomycin suppresses LRP6 expression at concentrations relevant to growth inhibition, linking activity to Wnt/β-catenin suppression	(ref)
5	Autophagic flux + lysosomal proteolysis	↓ autophagic flux (blocked) / ↓ lysosomal proteolytic activity	Abortive autophagy / stress accumulation	Demonstrates salinomycin blocks autophagic flux and lysosomal proteolytic activity in breast cancer CSC and non-CSC populations	(ref)
6	ER stress / UPR (ATF4 → CHOP/DDIT3)	↑ ER stress / ↑ CHOP axis	Proteotoxic stress signaling	Shows salinomycin stimulates ER stress and mediates autophagy through the ATF4–CHOP–TRIB3 axis	(ref)
7	AKT–mTOR survival signaling (via TRIB3)	↓ AKT / ↓ mTOR signaling	Reduced survival + altered autophagy control	Same mechanistic work links ER stress activation to TRIB3-mediated inhibition of AKT1–mTOR signaling after salinomycin exposure	(ref)
8	ROS generation and ROS-linked lysosomal dysfunction	↑ ROS	Oxidative stress amplification	Demonstrates salinomycin-induced ROS and connects ROS to lysosomal membrane permeability and impaired autophagy flux	(ref)
9	Mitochondrial apoptosis (caspase cascade)	↑ Caspase-9/3 activation	Programmed cell death	Shows salinomycin triggers caspase-dependent apoptosis involving caspases (including 9 and 3) in a salinomycin toxicity/mechanism study (demonstrates directionality for caspase activation)	(ref)
10	EMT phenotype	↑ E-cadherin / ↓ vimentin (EMT suppressed)	Reduced migration/invasion	Reports salinomycin increases epithelial markers and decreases mesenchymal markers in a dose-dependent manner, with reduced migration/invasion	(ref)
11	ABC transporter–mediated multidrug resistance	↓ functional MDR phenotype	Overcomes drug resistance	Directly reports salinomycin overcomes ABC transporter–mediated multidrug/apoptosis resistance in leukemia stem cell–like cells	(ref)
12	Ferroptosis susceptibility (GPX4 axis) in CSC context	↑ ferroptosis (context-dependent)	Non-apoptotic oxidative death modality	Reports salinomycin induces ferroptosis in a CSC context via a pathway converging on GPX4/GPX activity regulation (directionality: ferroptosis induction by salinomycin in that model)	(ref)

Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱

1884-

DCA,

Sal,

Dichloroacetate and Salinomycin Exert a Synergistic Cytotoxic Effect in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines

in-vitro,

CRC,

DLD1

in-vitro,

CRC,

HCT116

"highlight2" >eff↑, "highlight2" >pH↓, "highlight2" >PDKs↓, "highlight2" >Warburg↓,

4901-

DCA,

Sal,

Dichloroacetate and Salinomycin as Therapeutic Agents in Cancer

Review,

NSCLC,

"highlight2" >Glycolysis↓, "highlight2" >OXPHOS↑, "highlight2" >PDKs↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >GlucoseCon↓, "highlight2" >lactateProd↓, "highlight2" >RadioS↑, "highlight2" >TumAuto↑, "highlight2" >mTOR↓, "highlight2" >LC3s↓, "highlight2" >p62↑, "highlight2" >TumCG↓, "highlight2" >OS↑, "highlight2" >toxicity↝, "highlight2" >ChemoSen↑, "highlight2" >eff↑, "highlight2" >eff↑, "highlight2" >Ferritin↓, "highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >EMT↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >Cyt‑c↑, "highlight2" >Casp3↑, "highlight2" >ER Stress↑, "highlight2" >selectivity↑, "highlight2" >eff↑, "highlight2" >TumCG↓,

4997-

Sal,

Salinomycin Treatment Specifically Inhibits Cell Proliferation of Cancer Stem Cells Revealed by Longitudinal Single Cell Tracking in Combination with Fluorescence Microscopy

in-vitro,

BC,

"highlight2" >CD24↓, "highlight2" >TumCP↓, "highlight2" >CSCs↓,

5128-

Sal,

Salinomycin overcomes ABC transporter-mediated multidrug and apoptosis resistance in human leukemia stem cell-like KG-1a cells

in-vitro,

AML,

"highlight2" >CSCs↓,

4998-

Sal,

Salinomycin may inhibit the cancer stem-like populations with increased chemoradioresistance that nasopharyngeal cancer tumorspheres contain

in-vitro,

NPC,

"highlight2" >CSCs↓,

4999-

Sal,

Salinomycin triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress through ATP2A3 upregulation in PC-3 cells

in-vitro,

Pca,

PC3

"highlight2" >Bacteria↓, "highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >ER Stress↑,

5000-

Sal,

Salinomycin kills cancer stem cells by sequestering iron in lysosomes

vitro+vivo,

BC,

"highlight2" >CSCsMark↓, "highlight2" >eff↑, "highlight2" >Ferroptosis↑, "highlight2" >ROS↑,

5001-

Sal,

Salinomycin exerts anti‐colorectal cancer activity by targeting the β‐catenin/T‐cell factor complex

in-vitro,

CRC,

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >β-catenin/ZEB1↓, "highlight2" >Wnt↓,

5002-

Sal,

SFN,

Salinomycin and Sulforaphane Exerted Synergistic Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects on Colorectal Cancer Cells by Inhibiting the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in vitro and in vivo

in-vivo,

CRC,

Caco-2

vitro+vivo,

CRC,

CX-1

"highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >PI3K↓, "highlight2" >Akt↓, "highlight2" >P53↑, "highlight2" >BAX↑, "highlight2" >Bax:Bcl2↑, "highlight2" >p‑PARP↑, "highlight2" >TumCMig↓,

5003-

Sal,

Salinomycin, as an autophagy modulator-- a new avenue to anticancer: a review

Review,

Var,

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >TumAuto↑, "highlight2" >selectivity↑, "highlight2" >DNAdam↑, "highlight2" >TumCCA↑, "highlight2" >P-gp↓, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >β-catenin/ZEB1↓, "highlight2" >RadioS↑, "highlight2" >ChemoSen↑, "highlight2" >Shh↓, "highlight2" >eff↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >AMPK↑, "highlight2" >JNK↑, "highlight2" >ER Stress↑,

5004-

Sal,

Targeting Telomerase Enhances Cytotoxicity of Salinomycin in Cancer Cells

in-vitro,

BC,

MCF-7

in-vitro,

BC,

MDA-MB-231

"highlight2" >eff↑, "highlight2" >AntiCan↑, "highlight2" >CSCs↑, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >β-catenin/ZEB1↓, "highlight2" >Diff↑, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >toxicity↝, "highlight2" >selectivity↝, "highlight2" >eff↑,

5005-

Sal,

Salinomycin Derivatives Kill Breast Cancer Stem Cells by Lysosomal Iron Targeting

Review,

Var,

"highlight2" >CSCs↑,

5121-

Sal,

Salinomycin inhibits Wnt signaling and selectively induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells

in-vitro,

BC,

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >selectivity↑,

5122-

Sal,

Identification of selective inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening

in-vivo,

BC,

SUM159

NA,

4T1

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >TumCG↓, "highlight2" >Diff↑, "highlight2" >selectivity↑, "highlight2" >CD44↓, "highlight2" >CD24↓, "highlight2" >TumVol↓,

5123-

Sal,

Salinomycin suppresses LRP6 expression and inhibits both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in breast and prostate cancer cells

in-vitro,

BC,

MCF-7

in-vitro,

Pca,

PC3

in-vitro,

Pca,

DU145

in-vitro,

BC,

MDA-MB-231

in-vitro,

Nor,

HEK293

"highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >β-catenin/ZEB1↓, "highlight2" >mTORC1↓, "highlight2" >GSK‐3β↑, "highlight2" >cycD1/CCND1↓, "highlight2" >survivin↓, "highlight2" >LRP6↓, "highlight2" >TumCG↓, "highlight2" >Apoptosis↑,

5124-

Sal,

Inhibition of the autophagic flux by salinomycin in breast cancer stem-like/progenitor cells interferes with their maintenance

in-vitro,

BC,

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >LC3II↑, "highlight2" >other↓, "highlight2" >lysosome↓, "highlight2" >CTSZ↓, "highlight2" >CTSB↓, "highlight2" >CTSL↓, "highlight2" >CTSS↓, "highlight2" >autoF↓, "highlight2" >TumAuto↓,

5125-

Sal,

Salinomycin induced ROS results in abortive autophagy and leads to regulated necrosis in glioblastoma

in-vitro,

GBM,

"highlight2" >ER Stress↑, "highlight2" >UPR↑, "highlight2" >autoF↓, "highlight2" >lysosome↝, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >lipid-P↑, "highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >necrosis↑, "highlight2" >ATP↓, "highlight2" >MMP↓, "highlight2" >MOMP↑, "highlight2" >DNAdam↑, "highlight2" >AIF↑, "highlight2" >lysoMP↑, "highlight2" >MitoP↑, "highlight2" >Ca+2↑,

5126-

Sal,

Salinomycin induces calpain and cytochrome c-mediated neuronal cell death

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >Ca+2↑, "highlight2" >cal2↑, "highlight2" >Casp12↑, "highlight2" >Casp9↑, "highlight2" >Casp3↑, "highlight2" >Cyt‑c↑, "highlight2" >MMP↓,

5127-

Sal,

Salinomycin repressed the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of epithelial ovarian cancer cells via downregulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway

in-vitro,

Ovarian,

"highlight2" >TumCI↓, "highlight2" >E-cadherin↑, "highlight2" >N-cadherin↓, "highlight2" >Vim↓, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >β-catenin/ZEB1↓, "highlight2" >TumCP↓, "highlight2" >TumCMig↓, "highlight2" >EMT↓,

323-

Sal,

AgNPs,

Combination of salinomycin and silver nanoparticles enhances apoptosis and autophagy in human ovarian cancer cells: an effective anticancer therapy

in-vitro,

BC,

MDA-MB-231

 Sal (3 µM), AgNPs (4 µg/mL)

 IC25 values of both Sal and AgNPs (3.0 µM and 4 µg/mL)

in-vitro,

Ovarian,

A2780S

"highlight2" >TumCD↑, "highlight2" >LDH↓, "highlight2" >MDA↑, "highlight2" >SOD↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >GSH↓, "highlight2" >Catalase↓, "highlight2" >MMP↓, "highlight2" >P53↑, "highlight2" >P21↑, "highlight2" >BAX↑, "highlight2" >Bcl-2↓, "highlight2" >Casp3↑, "highlight2" >Casp9↑, "highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >TumAuto↑,

4907-

Sal,

A comprehensive review of salinomycin derivatives as potent anticancer and anti-CSCs agents

Review,

Var,

"highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >MDR1↓, "highlight2" >CSCs↓,

4898-

Sal,

Salinomycin as a potent anticancer stem cell agent: State of the art and future directions

Review,

Var,

EC50 of salinomycin killing CSC‐high GBM cells is around 1.25 μM

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >AntiCan↑, "highlight2" >ChemoSen↑, "highlight2" >RadioS↑, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >MAPK↓, "highlight2" >TumAuto↑, "highlight2" >ATP↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >DNAdam↑, "highlight2" >ER Stress↑, "highlight2" >CSCsMark↓, "highlight2" >Iron↑, "highlight2" >*toxicity↝,

4899-

Sal,

Anticancer activity of salinomycin quaternary phosphonium salts

in-vitro,

Var,

"highlight2" >eff↑, "highlight2" >selectivity↑, "highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >TumCCA↑, "highlight2" >MMP↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >mitResp↑,

4900-

Sal,

Anticancer Mechanisms of Salinomycin in Breast Cancer and Its Clinical Applications

Review,

BC,

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >TumAuto↑, "highlight2" >necrosis↑, "highlight2" >TumCP↓, "highlight2" >TumCI↓, "highlight2" >TumCMig↓, "highlight2" >TumCG↓, "highlight2" >TumMeta↓, "highlight2" >eff↑, "highlight2" >Bcl-2↓, "highlight2" >cMyc↓, "highlight2" >Snail↓, "highlight2" >ALDH↓, "highlight2" >Myc↓, "highlight2" >AR↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >NF-kB↓, "highlight2" >PTCH1↓, "highlight2" >Smo↓, "highlight2" >Gli1↓, "highlight2" >GLI2↓, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >mTOR↓, "highlight2" >GSK‐3β↓, "highlight2" >cycD1/CCND1↓, "highlight2" >survivin↓, "highlight2" >P21↑, "highlight2" >p27↑, "highlight2" >CHOP↑, "highlight2" >Ca+2↑, "highlight2" >DNAdam↑, "highlight2" >Hif1a↓, "highlight2" >VEGF↓, "highlight2" >angioG↓, "highlight2" >MMP↓, "highlight2" >ATP↓, "highlight2" >p‑P53↑, "highlight2" >γH2AX↑, "highlight2" >ChemoSen↑,

4902-

Sal,

OXA,

Salinomycin and oxaliplatin synergistically enhances cytotoxic effect on human colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

vitro+vivo,

CRC,

"highlight2" >RadioS↑, "highlight2" >ChemoSen↑, "highlight2" >TumCP↓, "highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >MMP↓, "highlight2" >MAPK↑, "highlight2" >eff↓, "highlight2" >TumCG↓, "highlight2" >TumCCA↑,

4903-

Sal,

Salinomycin: A new paradigm in cancer therapy

Review,

Var,

"highlight2" >TumCG↓, "highlight2" >ATP↓, "highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >Casp↑, "highlight2" >MMP↓, "highlight2" >selectivity↑, "highlight2" >OXPHOS↓, "highlight2" >STAT3↓, "highlight2" >P53↑, "highlight2" >γH2AX↑, "highlight2" >cycD1/CCND1↓, "highlight2" >TumCCA↑, "highlight2" >DNAdam↑, "highlight2" >ChemoSen↑,

4904-

Sal,

CUR,

Co-delivery of Salinomycin and Curcumin for Cancer Stem Cell Treatment by Inhibition of Cell Proliferation, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >TumCCA↑, "highlight2" >EMT↓, "highlight2" >other↝, "highlight2" >TumAuto↑, "highlight2" >Iron↑, "highlight2" >Ferroptosis↑, "highlight2" >BioAv↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >lipid-P↑, "highlight2" >GPx4↓, "highlight2" >eff↑,

4905-

Sal,

Salinomycin as a drug for targeting human cancer stem cells

Review,

Var,

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >selectivity↑, "highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >Casp3↑, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >cycD1/CCND1↓, "highlight2" >Fibronectin↓, "highlight2" >OXPHOS↓, "highlight2" >Diff↑, "highlight2" >Dose↝,

4906-

Sal,

A Concise Review of Prodigious Salinomycin and Its Derivatives Effective in Treatment of Breast Cancer: (2012–2022)

Review,

BC,

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >Casp3↑, "highlight2" >cl‑PARP↝, "highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >ABC↓, "highlight2" >OXPHOS↓, "highlight2" >Glycolysis↓, "highlight2" >eff↑, "highlight2" >TumAuto↑, "highlight2" >DNAdam↑, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >Ferritin↓, "highlight2" >Iron↑,

4996-

Sal,

The Molecular Basis for Inhibition of Stemlike Cancer Cells by Salinomycin

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >selectivity↑, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >ERStress↑, "highlight2" >Ca+2↓, "highlight2" >UPR↑, "highlight2" >CHOP↑, "highlight2" >β-catenin/ZEB1↓, "highlight2" >CD44↓, "highlight2" >CD24↓, "highlight2" >PKCδ↑,

4908-

Sal,

Salinomycin triggers prostate cancer cell apoptosis by inducing oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress via suppressing Nrf2 signaling

in-vitro,

Pca,

PC3

0, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 µM

in-vitro,

Pca,

DU145

"highlight2" >tumCV↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >lipid-P↑, "highlight2" >UPR↑, "highlight2" >ER Stress↑, "highlight2" >NRF2↓, "highlight2" >NADPH↓, "highlight2" >HO-1↓, "highlight2" >SOD↓, "highlight2" >Catalase↓, "highlight2" >GPx↓, "highlight2" >eff↓, "highlight2" >TumCP↓,

4909-

Sal,

Salinomycin: Anti-tumor activity in a pre-clinical colorectal cancer model

vitro+vivo,

CRC,

"highlight2" >AntiTum↑, "highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >mtDam↑, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >SOD1↓, "highlight2" >ChemoSen↑, "highlight2" >CSCs↑, "highlight2" >ALDH↓, "highlight2" >TumCG↓, "highlight2" >TumCP↓, "highlight2" >TumCD↑, "highlight2" >ATP↓,

4910-

Sal,

A medicinal chemistry perspective on salinomycin as a potent anticancer and anti-CSCs agent

"highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >ChemoSen↑, "highlight2" >RadioS↑, "highlight2" >selectivity↑, "highlight2" >Wnt↓, "highlight2" >toxicity⇅,

4911-

Sal,

MUC1-C is a target of salinomycin in inducing ferroptosis of cancer stem cells

in-vitro,

Var,

DU145

IC50 = 0.45 μM

"highlight2" >MUC1-C↓, "highlight2" >Ferroptosis↑, "highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >NF-kB↓, "highlight2" >GSR↓, "highlight2" >GSH↑, "highlight2" >Iron↑,

4912-

Sal,

Salinomycin induces cell death with autophagy through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in human cancer cells

in-vitro,

Lung,

A549

2.5 μM

in-vitro,

Lung,

H460

in-vitro,

Lung,

Calu-1

in-vitro,

Lung,

H157

"highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >TumAuto↑, "highlight2" >ER Stress↑, "highlight2" >TumCD↑, "highlight2" >ATF4↑, "highlight2" >CHOP↑, "highlight2" >AKT1↓, "highlight2" >mTOR↓,

4994-

Sal,

Rad,

Salinomycin overcomes radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting Nrf2 level and promoting ROS generation

"highlight2" >AntiCan↑, "highlight2" >RadioS↓, "highlight2" >Apoptosis↑, "highlight2" >NRF2↓, "highlight2" >ROS↑, "highlight2" >DNAdam↑,

4995-

Sal,

Salinomycin possesses anti-tumor activity and inhibits breast cancer stem-like cells via an apoptosis-independent pathway

vitro+vivo,

BC,

MDA-MB-231

"highlight2" >ALDH↓, "highlight2" >Nanog↓, "highlight2" >OCT4↓, "highlight2" >SOX2↓, "highlight2" >CSCs↓, "highlight2" >tumCV↓, "highlight2" >cycD1/CCND1↓, "highlight2" >P21↑, "highlight2" >TumCG↓, "highlight2" >CD44↓, "highlight2" >Apoptosis∅,

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 37

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Infection & Microbiome ⓘ

Bacteria↓, 1,
Total Targets: 154

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

toxicity↝, 1,
Total Targets: 1

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:203  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

Database Query Results : salinomycin, ,

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Metal & Cofactor Biology ⓘ

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

Cell Death ⓘ

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

Autophagy & Lysosomes ⓘ

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

Migration ⓘ

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Cellular Microenvironment ⓘ

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors ⓘ

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

Infection & Microbiome ⓘ

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

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