Database Query Results : Glucose, Silver-NanoParticles,

Gluc, Glucose: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Glucose is a fundamental energy source and its metabolism is essential for all cells, the reprogramming of glucose metabolism in cancer cells underlies many aspects of tumor growth and survival.
-Glucose generally aids cancer cells, but can be used as trojan horse.
-HIF-1 increases the expression of glycolytic enzymes
-Hexokinase II, which catalyzes the first step of glycolysis (often upregulated).
SNP, Silver-NanoParticles: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Silver NanoParticles
Summary:
1. Smaller sizes desirable due to greater surface area, and cell penetration (enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect)
2. Two main types: AgNP and silver ions (big debate on uses: Ag+ turning to AgCl in stomach but AgCl also effective. Take sodium-bicarbonate?
3. Dose example 80kg person: 1.12-2mg/day, which can be calculated based on ppm and volume taken (see below) target < 10ppm and 120mL per day (30ppm and 1L per day caused argyria 30mg/day ) (Case Report: 9‐15 ppm@120mL, i.e. 1.1mg/L to 1.8mg/L per day)
Likely 10ppm --> 10mg/L, hence if take 100mL, then 1mg/day? (for Cancer)
The current Rfd for oral silver exposure is 5 ug/kg/d with a critical dose estimated at 14 ug/kg/d for the average person.
Seems like the Cancer target range is 14ug/kg/day to 25ug/kg/day. 80Kg example: 1.12mg to 2mg “1.4µg/kg body weight. If I would have 70kg, I would want to use 100µg/day. However, for fighting active disease, I would tend to explore higher daily dose, as I think this may be too low.”
4. AntiOxidants/NAC can counter act the effect of Silver NanoParticles from producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial damage . NAC is a supplement form of cysteine, an amino acid that helps make glutathione, a powerful antioxidant.
5. In vitro most reports indicate AgNPs increase ROS in both cancer and normal cell (but in vivo improved antioxidant system of normal may create selectivity)
6. Pathways/mechanisms of action/:
-” intracellular ROS was increased...reduction in levels of glutathione (GSH)”
-”AgNPs affect the function of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)” (likely reducing levels)
-”expression of BAX and BCL2 genes was increased”
-”upregulation of proapoptotic genes (p53, p21, Bax, and caspases) and downregulation of antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2)”
-” upregulation of AMPK and downregulation of mTOR, MMP-9, BCL-2, and α-SMA”
-”p53 is a key player...proapoptotic genes p53 and Bax were significantly increased... noticeable reduction in Bcl-2 transcript levels”
-” p53 participates directly in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by regulating the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization”
- “Proapoptotic markers (BAX/BCL-XL, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, p53, p21, and caspases 3, 8 and 9) increased.”
-”The antiapoptotic markers, AKT and NF-kB, decreased in AgNP-treated cells.”

Silver NanoParticles and Magnetic Fields
Summary:
1. “exposure to PMF increased the ability of AgNPs uptake”
2. 6x improvement from AgNPs alone

could glucose capping of SilverNPs work as trojan horse?

Sodium selenite might protect against toxicity of AgNPs in normal cells.

-uncoated AgNPs can degrade the gut microbiome. PVP, citrate, green-synthesized, chitosan coating, may reduce the effect.
Also may be true for Selenium(Sodium selenite) becuase of antioxidant properties, slowing oxidation of Ag0 to Ag+.
co-ingestion with food (higher pH) favors reduction and lower Ag+ levels.
-action mechanisms of AgNPs: the release of silver ions (Ag+), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), destruction of membrane structure.


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
2834- SNP,  Gluc,    Electrochemical oxidation of glucose on silver nanoparticle-modified composite electrodes
- Study, NA, NA
Dose?, glucose concentration was examined by varying the concentration of glucose from 0.001 to 0.01 M in 0.1 M NaOH at the scan rate of 50 mV/s. The charges increased with increasing the glucose concentration up to 7 mM, and then leveled off

2835- SNP,  Gluc,    Carbohydrate functionalization of silver nanoparticles modulates cytotoxicity and cellular uptake
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
Dose↝, Values found were between 3.2 and 3.9 molecules sugar/nm2.
eff↑, glucose and citrate coated nanoparticles show a similar toxicity, galactose and mannose functionalized nanoparticles were significant less toxic towards both cell lines.
ROS↑, suggesting that the toxicity is mainly caused by oxidative stress related to ROS formation
eff↝, Many authors have argued that in fact the toxicity of nanosilver is only caused by the ionic form [24]
eff↑, Trojan-horse mechanism has been often discussed in literature as a responsible for toxicity of silver nanoparticles.
eff↝, although mannose and glucose-functionalized nanoparticles present similar cellular uptakes, observed toxicities were considerably different.
eff↑, Actually, in this study, glucose-capped nanoparticles present the highest toxicity as well as protein carbonylation, despite their moderate cellular uptake, compared with other nanoparticles.
eff↝, Observed toxicity was strongly correlated with intracellular oxidative stress, measured as protein carbonylation, but not to cellular uptake.

2836- SNP,  Gluc,    Glucose capped silver nanoparticles induce cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells
- in-vitro, Cerv, HeLa
eff↝, AgNPs synthesized are stable up to 10 days without silver and glucose dissolution.
TumCCA↑, AgNPs block the cells in S and G2/M phases, and increase the subG1 cell population.
eff↑, HeLa cells take up abundantly and rapidly AgNPs-G resulting toxic to cells in amount and incubation time dependent manner.
eff↑, The dissolution experiments demonstrated that the observed effects were due only to AgNPs-G since glucose capping prevents Ag+ release.
ROS↑, AgNPs cause toxic responses via induction of oxidative stress as consequence of the generation of intracellular (ROS), depletion of glutathione (GSH), reduction of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, and increased lipid peroxidation
GSH↓,
SOD↓,
lipid-P↑,
LDH↑, significant LDH levels increase with the highest amount of AgNPs-G and maximum of toxicity was seen at 12 h.

4435- SNP,  Gluc,    Glucose-Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles as a Potential New Therapy Agent Targeting Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer cells
- in-vitro, Pca, PC3 - in-vitro, Pca, LNCaP - in-vitro, Pca, DU145
selectivity↑, Both AgNPs and G-AgNPs were cytotoxic only to CRPC cells and not to hormone-sensitive ones and their effect was higher after functionalization showing the potential of glucose to favor AgNPs’ uptake by cancer cells.
ROS↑, NPs increased the ROS, inducing mitochondrial damage, and arresting cell cycle in S Phase, therefore blocking proliferation, and inducing apoptosis.
mtDam↑,
TumCCA↑,
TumCP↓,
Apoptosis↑,
MMP↓, AgNPs were able to depolarize the cells’ mitochondria to 32.74% and 10.36%, respectively


* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 4

Results for Effect on Cancer/Diseased Cells:
Apoptosis↑,1,   Dose?,1,   Dose↝,1,   eff↑,5,   eff↝,4,   GSH↓,1,   LDH↑,1,   lipid-P↑,1,   MMP↓,1,   mtDam↑,1,   ROS↑,3,   selectivity↑,1,   SOD↓,1,   TumCCA↑,2,   TumCP↓,1,  
Total Targets: 15

Results for Effect on Normal Cells:

Total Targets: 0

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