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| Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a naturally occurring small-molecule phytochemical best known for its role in cancer chemoprevention research. It belongs to the isothiocyanate class of organosulfur compounds and has the chemical formula C₉H₉NS. Source: Derived from glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables PEITC in plants exists mainly as the glucosinolate precursor (gluconasturtiin). Upon tissue disruption (chewing, chopping), myrosinase converts gluconasturtiin → PEITC. -PEITC bioavailability from fresh, chopped microgreens is high -Co-consumption with other isothiocyanates is additive/synergistic -Peak plasma levels: ~1–3 hours post-consumption -Half-life: ~4–6 hours -Generally well tolerated up to 40 mg/day (mild GI irritation at higher dose) PEITC is best characterized for its dual role in xenobiotic metabolism: Inhibition of Phase I enzymes -Suppresses cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., CYP1A1, CYP2E1) -Reduces activation of pro-carcinogens -Selectively depletes GSH in cancer cells -Directly increases ROS beyond buffering capacity Key pathways in cancer cells -GSH depletion -Mitochondrial ROS amplification -ASK1/JNK apoptosis Chemo relevance -Frequently chemo-sensitizing -Opposite of NAC/GSH Induction of Phase II enzymes -Activates NRF2–KEAP1 signaling -Increases expression of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes such as: -Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) -NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) -Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) In preclinical systems, PEITC has been shown to: -Deplete intracellular glutathione (GSH), increasing oxidative stress in cancer cells -Induce mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis -Inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs) (context-dependent) -Suppress pro-survival signaling pathways (e.g., STAT3, NF-κB) -Target cancer stem–like cells in some models Dietary origins PEITC present in vegetables such as: -Watercress (the richest source) -Broccoli -Cabbage -Brussels sprouts -Radish Bioavailability depends on: -Food preparation -Gut microbiota (myrosinase activity if plant enzyme is inactive) watercress microgreens generally have higher PEITC (and/or its precursor gluconasturtiin) per gram than mature watercress. -The enrichment is most pronounced per unit fresh weight in the 7–14 day window. -Absolute values vary substantially with cultivar, light intensity, sulfur/nitrogen nutrition, and post-harvest handling. | Growth stage | Age | PEITC potential (mg / 100 g FW) | Relative | | --------------- | -------: | ------------------------------: | ---------------: | | **Microgreens** | 7–10 d | **3.0–6.0** | **~2–4×** mature | | **Microgreens** | 11–14 d | **2.5–5.0** | ~2–3× | | Baby leaf | 21–28 d | 1.5–3.0 | ~1–2× | | Mature leaf | 35–45+ d | 0.8–1.5 | baseline | Dry weight basis | Growth stage | PEITC potential (mg / g DW) | | --------------------- | --------------------------: | | Microgreens (7–10 d) | **1.8–3.5** | | Microgreens (11–14 d) | 1.5–3.0 | | Mature leaf | 0.6–1.2 | Expect 2–5× variability depending on: -Light spectrum (blue light ↑ glucosinolates) -Sulfur availability Practical optimization tips Lighting -12–16 h/day -150–300 µmol/m²/s PAR (typical shop LEDs at 20–30 cm distance) Soil -Peat or peat-blend preferred -Avoid over-watering (dilutes concentration) Nutrition (optional but effective) -One light watering with ¼-strength sulfate-containing fertilizer around day 4–5 can increase PEITC ~15–30% Harvest & use -Cut, rest 5–10 minutes, then consume (allows myrosinase to fully convert gluconasturtiin → PEITC) Dose: (100 g fresh microgreens ≈ 2–4 mg bioavailable PEITC) -ie below doses are not really acheivable from fresh microgreens Minimum biologically active dose (humans): ~10–15 mg PEITC/day Common efficacy range used in human trials: 20–40 mg/day Upper short-term doses studied (generally tolerated): 60 mg/day Diet-achievable with watercress microgreens: Yes, at realistic portions These doses are chemopreventive / pathway-modulating, not cytotoxic chemotherapy. | PEITC dose (mg/day) | Dominant biological effects | | ------------------: | ----------------------------------------------- | | **5–10 mg** | Phase II enzymes, mild NRF2 | | **10–20 mg** | HDAC inhibition, ROS signaling | | **20–40 mg** | Apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, anti-inflammatory | | **40–60 mg** | Strong redox stress in cancer cells | | >60 mg | Limited data; GI irritation risk |
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| Vimentin, a major constituent of the intermediate filament family of proteins, is ubiquitously expressed in normal mesenchymal cells and is known to maintain cellular integrity and provide resistance against stress. Vimentin is overexpressed in various epithelial cancers, including prostate cancer, gastrointestinal tumors, tumors of the central nervous system, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, and lung cancer. Vimentin’s overexpression in cancer correlates well with accelerated tumor growth, invasion, and poor prognosis; however, the role of vimentin in cancer progression remains obscure. In many epithelial-derived tumors (carcinomas), elevated Vimentin expression is often observed in cancer cells that have undergone EMT. This upregulation is characteristic of a shift toward a mesenchymal state, which is associated with reduced cell–cell adhesion and increased motility. Vimentin expression is also noted in the tumor stroma, reflecting the presence and activation of mesenchymal cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This dual expression can contribute to the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. The degree of Vimentin expression may vary depending on the tumor type, grade, and stage. More aggressive and advanced tumors tend to show higher levels of Vimentin expression. High Vimentin expression has been correlated with poor clinical outcomes in several cancers, including breast, colorectal, prostate, and lung cancers. Elevated Vimentin levels are typically associated with higher tumor grade, increased invasiveness, enhanced metastatic potential, and a greater risk of recurrence. As a component of the EMT signature, high Vimentin expression can serve as an indicator of a more aggressive tumor phenotype and is often associated with reduced overall survival. - vimentin up-regulation is often used as a marker of EMT in cancer |
| 4926- | PEITC, | PEITC inhibits the invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells by blocking TGF-β-induced EMT |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | SW48 |
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