| Features: |
| Berberine is a chemical found in some plants like European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree turmeric. Berberine is a bitter-tasting and yellow-colored chemical. Coptis (commonly referring to Coptidis Rhizoma, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb) contains bioactive alkaloids (most notably berberine and coptisine) that have been studied for their pharmacological effects—including their influence on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and related pathways. – Berberine is known for its relatively low oral bioavailability, often cited at less than 1%. This low bioavailability is mainly due to poor intestinal absorption and active efflux by transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein. – Despite the low bioavailability, berberine is still pharmacologically active, and its metabolites may also contribute to its overall effects. • Effective Dosage in Studies – Many clinical trials or preclinical studies use dosages in the range of 500 to 1500 mg per day, typically administered in divided doses. – Therefore, to obtain a bioactive dose of berberine, supplementation in a standardized extract form is necessary. -IC50 in cancer cell lines: Approximately 10–100 µM (commonly around 20–50 µM in many models) -IC50 in normal cell lines: Generally higher (often above 100 µM), although this can vary with cell type - In vivo studies: Dosing regimens in animal models generally range from about 50 to 200 mg/kg -Note half-life reports vary 2.5-90hrs?. -low solubility of apigenin in water : BioAv Pathways: - induce ROS production - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, UPR↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓ - Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, GSH↓ - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - PI3K/AKT(Inhibition), JAK/STATs, Wnt/β-catenin, AMPK, MAPK/ERK, and JNK. - inhibit Growth/Metastases : , MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, CXCR4↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, DNMT1↓, EZH2↓, P53↑, HSP↓ - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, - inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, Glucose↓, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Notch↓, FGF↓, PDGF↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓, - inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, Hh↓, GLi1↓, CD133↓, β-catenin↓, n-myc↓, sox2↓, notch2↓, nestin↓, OCT4↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK↓, α↓, ERK↓, JNK, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells |
| Source: |
| Type: enzyme |
| PKM2 (Pyruvate Kinase, Muscle 2) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in glycolysis, the process by which cells convert glucose into energy. PKM2 is a key regulatory enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, and it is primarily expressed in various tissues, including muscle, brain, and cancer cells. -C-myc is a common oncogene that enhances aerobic glycolysis in the cancer cells by transcriptionally activating GLUT1, HK2, PKM2 and LDH-A -PKM2 has been shown to be overexpressed in many types of tumors, including breast, lung, and colon cancer. This overexpression may contribute to the development and progression of cancer by promoting glycolysis and energy production in cancer cells. -inhibition of PKM2 may cause ATP depletion and inhibiting glycolysis. -PK exists in four isoforms: PKM1, PKM2, PKR, and PKL -PKM2 plays a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism in diabetes. -PKM2 is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. – Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the final, rate-limiting step of glycolysis, converting phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate with the production of ATP. – The PKM2 isoform is uniquely regulated and can exist in both highly active tetrameric and less active dimeric forms. – Cancer cells often favor the dimeric form of PKM2 to slow pyruvate production, thereby accumulating upstream glycolytic intermediates that can be diverted into anabolic pathways to support cell growth and proliferation. – Under low oxygen conditions, cancer cells rely on altered metabolic pathways in which PKM2 is a key player. – The shift to aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) orchestrated in part by PKM2 helps tumor cells survive and grow in hypoxic conditions. – Elevated expression of PKM2 is frequently observed in many cancer types, including lung, breast, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. – High levels of PKM2 are often correlated with enhanced tumor aggressiveness, poor differentiation, and advanced clinical stage. PKM2 in carcinogenesis and oncotherapy Inhibitors of PKM2: -Shikonin, Resveratrol, Baicalein, EGCG, Apigenin, Curcumin, Ursolic Acid, Citrate (best known as an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), a key rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis) potential to directly inhibit or modulate PKM2 is less well established Full List of PKM2 inhibitors from Database -key connected observations: Glycolysis↓, lactateProd↓, ROS↑ in cancer cell, while some result for opposite effect on normal cells. Tumor pyruvate kinase M2 modulators Flavonoids effect on PKM2 Compounds name IC50/AC50uM Effect Flavonols 1. Fisetin 0.90uM Inhibition 2. Rutin 7.80uM Inhibition 3. Galangin 8.27uM Inhibition 4. Quercetin 9.24uM Inhibition 5. Kaempferol 9.88uM Inhibition 6. Morin hydrate 37.20uM Inhibition 7. Myricetin 0.51uM Activation 8. Quercetin 3-b- D-glucoside 1.34uM Activation 9. Quercetin 3-D -galactoside 27-107uM Ineffective Flavanons 10. Neoeriocitrin 0.65uM Inhibition 11. Neohesperidin 14.20uM Inhibition 12. Naringin 16.60uM Inhibition 13. Hesperidin 17.30uM Inhibition 14. Hesperitin 29.10uM Inhibition 15. Naringenin 70.80uM Activation Flavanonols 16. (-)-Catechin gallateuM 0.85 Inhibition 17. (±)-Taxifolin 1.16uM Inhibition 18. (-)-Epicatechin 1.33uM Inhibition 19. (+)-Gallocatechin 4-16uM Ineffective Phenolic acids 20. Ferulic 11.4uM Inhibition 21. Syringic and 13.8uM Inhibition 22. Caffeic acid 36.3uM Inhibition 23. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 78.7uM Inhibition 24. Gallic acid 332.6uM Inhibition 25. Shikimic acid 990uM Inhibition 26. p-Coumaric acid 22.2uM Activation 27. Sinapinic acids 26.2uM Activation 28. Vanillic 607.9uM Activation |
| 2710- | BBR, | Berberine inhibits the Warburg effect through TET3/miR-145/HK2 pathways in ovarian cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | SKOV3 |
| 2709- | BBR, | Berberine inhibits the glycolysis and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by down-regulating HIF-1α |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HepG2 |
| 2337- | BBR, | Berberine Inhibited the Proliferation of Cancer Cells by Suppressing the Activity of Tumor Pyruvate Kinase M2 |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 2336- | BBR, | Berberine Targets PKM2 to Activate the t-PA-Induced Fibrinolytic System and Improves Thrombosis |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2335- | BBR, | Chemoproteomics reveals berberine directly binds to PKM2 to inhibit the progression of colorectal cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HT29 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:41 Target#:772 State#:% Dir#:%
wNotes=on sortOrder:rid,rpid