Carvone / ALAT Cancer Research Results

CRV, Carvone: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:

Carvone — Carvone is a chiral oxygenated monocyclic monoterpene ketone found mainly as enantiomeric forms in spearmint, caraway, dill, and related essential oils. It is best classified as a small-molecule natural product / volatile terpenoid flavor-fragrance compound, commonly abbreviated CRV. The biologically relevant forms are often reported as l-carvone, d-carvone, R-carvone, or S-carvone, but naming conventions are inconsistent across papers, so note the exact enantiomer stated by each source.

Primary mechanisms (ranked):

  1. Induction of cancer-cell apoptosis through p53, Bad, caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA-damage-associated stress signaling.
  2. Suppression of migration, adhesion, invasion, and metastatic behavior, especially through FAK-related signaling in breast cancer models.
  3. Context-dependent oxidative stress modulation, including ROS increase and DNA damage at cytotoxic in-vitro concentrations.
  4. Inhibition of proliferative survival pathways, including JAK/STAT3 in gastric cancer and p38 MAPK-related signaling in myeloma models.
  5. Cell-cycle disruption, reported as S-phase, G0/G1, or G2/M arrest depending on enantiomer, cancer model, and concentration.
  6. Possible chemopreventive activity in animal skin-carcinogenesis models, but not established as a clinically validated anticancer agent.

Bioavailability / PK relevance: Carvone is lipophilic and volatile, with oral, dermal, and inhalational exposure relevance depending on formulation. Human PK/metabolism data exist for ingestion-correlated and topical/percutaneous exposure contexts, but anticancer studies generally use concentrations that are not directly matched to validated systemic anticancer exposure. Essential-oil delivery introduces variability from enantiomer ratio, co-terpenes, oxidation products, and formulation.

In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Common anticancer in-vitro effects occur at high micromolar to millimolar or microgram-per-millilitre ranges, and breast-cancer IC50 values around the millimolar range have been reported. These levels are likely above ordinary dietary flavor exposure and may exceed practical systemic exposure from food-like intake. Interpretation should therefore be concentration-constrained and formulation-dependent.

Clinical evidence status: Preclinical for cancer. Evidence includes cancer cell-line studies, animal chemoprevention/tumor models, and mechanistic studies, but no credible cancer RCTs of carvone as a therapeutic agent were identified. Human studies involving carvone-containing preparations exist for non-cancer indications or mixtures, but they should not be treated as direct anticancer evidence for isolated carvone.

Safety / regulatory status: Carvone is listed as a FEMA GRAS flavoring substance with CFR flavor-use reference, but this applies to intended flavor-use exposure, not therapeutic dosing. Major constraints include skin sensitization potential, enantiomer/formulation variability, volatile exposure, and uncertain safety at high supplemental or pharmacologic doses. Fragrance safety assessment data indicate no genotoxic concern under reviewed conditions, but l-carvone is considered a skin sensitizer.

Carvone Mechanistic Profile

Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Apoptosis execution ↑ p53, ↑ Bad, ↑ cleaved caspase-3, ↑ cleaved PARP Lower sensitivity reported in some normal-cell comparisons G Pro-apoptotic cytotoxicity Most central anticancer mechanism; strongest evidence is in vitro and concentration-dependent.
2 Migration adhesion invasion ↓ migration, ↓ adhesion, ↓ invasion, ↓ FAK activation Not well-defined G Anti-metastatic phenotype Mechanistically important for breast cancer models; therapeutic leverage is plausible but not clinically validated.
3 ROS and DNA damage stress ↑ ROS, ↑ DNA damage markers, ↑ apoptotic stress Context-dependent antioxidant or cytoprotective effects reported outside cancer R/G Stress-mediated apoptosis ROS appears pro-apoptotic in several cancer contexts; antioxidant effects in non-cancer models make this axis context-dependent.
4 JAK STAT3 survival signaling ↓ JAK/STAT3 signaling in gastric cancer models Not well-defined G Reduced survival signaling Promising but model-specific; should not be generalized across all tumor types without direct evidence.
5 p38 MAPK signaling ↓ p38 MAPK-related signaling in myeloma models Not well-defined G Growth and invasion suppression Reported in myeloma; secondary/contextual relative to apoptosis and motility effects.
6 Cell cycle control ↑ arrest at S, G0/G1, or G2/M depending on model Not well-defined G Reduced proliferation Direction of arrest is inconsistent across cancer systems and enantiomer reports; keep model-specific.
7 Mitochondrial apoptosis ↓ mitochondrial membrane potential reported in some models, ↑ caspase-linked apoptosis Context-dependent R/G Intrinsic apoptosis support Relevant when mitochondrial depolarization or ROS-mediated apoptosis is directly measured.
8 Angiogenesis tumor microenvironment ↓ angiogenesis stimulus in Ehrlich tumor context Not well-defined G Reduced tumor support phenotype Evidence is less mature than direct cancer-cell apoptosis and migration data.
9 NRF2 redox adaptation ↔ or uncertain Possible cytoprotective relevance in oxidative stress models G Unresolved redox adaptation
10 Clinical Translation Constraint High in-vitro concentrations may not map to achievable systemic exposure Skin sensitization and exposure-route constraints G Limits translational confidence Bioavailability, enantiomer identity, essential-oil composition, and flavor-use versus therapeutic-dose safety are the main constraints.

P: 0–30 min R: 30 min–3 hr G: >3 hr
ALAT, ALT, alanine aminotransferase: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type: enzyme
(or ALT) -Used to be called serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
Most common in the liver.
An enzyme your body needs to break down proteins into energy.
It plays a crucial role in amino acid metabolism and is often measured in blood tests to assess liver function.
The catabolism of alanine by alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALT2) to pyruvate, was critical for the survival of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells during glucose starvation. After knockdown of ALT2, cells were significantly more sensitive to glucose withdrawal compared to wildtype cells, which were rescued when supplemented with pyruvate.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) expression is highly elevated in the serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
A common example of dietary cancer therapy is the ketogenic diet, providing a fat-rich, low carbohydrate diet. The rationale is to reduce circulating glucose levels and induce ketosis.
Used as a clinical biomarker for Liver function.


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
6529- CRV,    D-Carvone Attenuates CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and TGF-ß 1/SMAD3 Signaling Pathway
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*ALAT↓, *AST↓, *MDA↓, *SOD↑, *GSH↑, *TAC↑, *eff↑, *TGF-β1↓, *SMAD3↓, *MMP9↑, *NRF2↑, *antiOx↑, *hepatoP↑, *Inflam↓, *NF-kB↓, *NO↓, *cAMP↑, *ROS↓,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 1 of 1

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 1

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Total Targets: 0

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↑, 1,   GSH↑, 1,   MDA↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 1,   ROS↓, 1,   SOD↑, 1,   TAC↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   cAMP↑, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

MMP9↑, 1,   SMAD3↓, 1,   TGF-β1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

NO↓, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Inflam↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

eff↑, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   AST↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

hepatoP↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 19

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: ALAT, ALT, alanine aminotransferase
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:411  Target#:554  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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