condition found tbRes List
Cu, Copper and Cu NanoParticlex: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Copper
Metal
Copper levels are considerably elevated in various malignancies.
Copper [Cu(II)] is a transition and trace element in living organisms. It increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free-radical generation that might damage biomolecules like DNA, proteins, and lipids.

- Copper acts as a critical cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in redox reactions, energy production, and connective tissue formation.
- Increased copper levels in the tumor microenvironment can enhance angiogenic signaling and thus supply the tumor with necessary oxygen and nutrients, facilitating tumor growth and metastasis.
- Copper can participate in redox cycling reactions, similar to the Fenton reaction, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
- Cancer cells often exhibit altered copper homeostasis, with some studies showing elevated copper levels in tumor tissues relative to normal tissues.

Two main approaches are:
- Copper Chelation: Drugs that bind copper (chelators) can reduce the bioavailability of copper, potentially inhibiting angiogenesis and other copper-dependent tumor processes.
- Copper Ionophores: These agents facilitate the transport of copper into cancer cells to induce cytotoxicity by elevating intracellular copper levels beyond a tolerable threshold, leading to cell death.

- Depletion of glutathione and stimulation of lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase.
- Studies have shown that the level of copper in tumour cells and blood serum from cancer patients is elevated, and the conclusion is that cancer cells need more copper than healthy cells. (but also sometimes depleted).
- Copper is a double-edged sword, maintaining normal cell development and promoting tumor development.
- Tumor tissue has a higher demand for copper and is more susceptible to copper homeostasis, copper may modulate cancer cell survival through reactive oxygen species (ROS) excessive accumulation, proteasome inhibition and anti-angiogenesis.
selectivity, selectivity: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type:
The selectivity of cancer products (such as chemotherapeutic agents, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and novel cancer drugs) refers to their ability to affect cancer cells preferentially over normal, healthy cells. High selectivity is important because it can lead to better patient outcomes by reducing side effects and minimizing damage to normal tissues.

Achieving high selectivity in cancer treatment is crucial for improving patient outcomes. It relies on pinpointing molecular differences between cancerous and normal cells, designing drugs or delivery systems that exploit these differences, and overcoming intrinsic challenges like tumor heterogeneity and resistance

Factors that affect selectivity:
1. Ability of Cancer cells to preferentially absorb a product/drug
-EPR-enhanced permeability and retention of cancer cells
-nanoparticle formations/carriers may target cancer cells over normal cells
-Liposomal formations. Also negatively/positively charged affects absorbtion

2. Product/drug effect may be different for normal vs cancer cells
- hypoxia
- transition metal content levels (iron/copper) change probability of fenton reaction.
- pH levels
- antiOxidant levels and defense levels

3. Bio-availability
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
1642- Cu,  HCAs,    Copper-assisted anticancer activity of hydroxycinnamic acid terpyridine conjugates on triple-negative breast cancer
- in-vitro, BC, 4T1 - in-vitro, Nor, L929
tumCV↓, inhibit highly metastatic breast cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo
selectivity↑, without much effect on normal cells

1602- Cu,    A simultaneously GSH-depleted bimetallic Cu(ii) complex for enhanced chemodynamic cancer therapy†
- in-vitro, BC, MCF-7 - in-vitro, BC, 4T1 - in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
eff↑, enhanced chemodynamic cancer therapy
GSH↓, glutathione (GSH) depletion properties
H2O2↑, overexpressed H2O2
ROS↑, highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) that kill cancer cells
*BioAv↑, complex is quickly taken up by cancer cells and distributed in multiple organelles including mitochondria and the nucleus
selectivity↑, toxicity toward normal cells is significantly lower than that toward cancer cells due to the limited expression of H2O2
TumCCA↑, arrest the cell cycle of the G0/G1 phase
Apoptosis↑, inducing apoptosis rather than necrosis
Fenton↑, Cu+-involved reaction can occur with a highest reaction rate (1x10E4 M-1 s-1) in weakly acidic, which is about 160-fold increase over that of Fe2+
*toxicity?, C50 value of CuL-Cuphen to normal cells COS-7 was about 6.3uM.

1600- Cu,    Cu(II) complex that synergistically potentiates cytotoxicity and an antitumor immune response by targeting cellular redox homeostasis
- Review, NA, NA
ER Stress↑, Endoplasmic reticulum stress, mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), is thought to induce an antitumor immune response
ROS↑,
AntiTum↑,
GSH↓, Li and coworkers recently reported that copper-cysteine nanoparticles could contribute to both oxidative •OH production and antioxidant GSH depletion
Ferroptosis↑, ferroptosis-dependent ICD response in cancer cells
selectivity↑, Markedly decreased cytotoxicity against the normal cell line, 293T, was seen
GSH/GSSG↓, GSH/GSSH ratio decreased from ∼9.30 to ∼4.71 after treatment with Cu-1 at its IC50 concentration over the course of 12 h
*ROS∅, only a slight increase was observed in (normal) 293T
eff↑, In sharp contrast, Cu-1 demonstrated a greater in vivo antitumor effect compared to oxaliplatin (Fig. 6 B and D) and did not induce systemic toxicity or body weight loss

1596- Cu,  CDT,    Unveiling the promising anticancer effect of copper-based compounds: a comprehensive review
- Review, NA, NA
TumCD↑, Copper and its compounds are capable of inducing tumor cell death through various mechanisms of action, including activation of apoptosis signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of angiogenesis, induction of cuproptosis, and p
Apoptosis↓,
ROS↑,
angioG↑,
Cupro↑,
Paraptosis↑,
eff↑, copper nanoparticles can be used as effective agents in chemodynamic therapy, phototherapy, hyperthermia, and immunotherapy.
eff↓, Elevated copper concentrations may promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis by affecting cellular processes
selectivity↑, Copper nanoparticles also can selectively attack cancer cells and spare healthy cells This selectivity is attributed to the EPR effect, which enables nanoparticles to accumulate in tumor tissue by exploiting leaky blood vessels
DNAdam↑, Copper has been found to induce DNA damage and oxidation through the formation of ROS.
eff↑, Tumor cells suffering from oxygen deficiency often have an increased concentration of CTR-1, which facilitates the transport of copper(I) into the cells
eff↑, The results demonstrate the promising capabilities of 64CuCl2 as a valuable tool for both diagnosis and therapy in various types of cancer
eff↑, nanoparticles have remarkable properties, including a large surface area to volume ratio, excellent compatibility with living organisms, and the ability to generate ROS when exposed to an acidic tumor microenvironment
eff↑, Several studies have shown that copper nanoparticles can be used as effective agents in chemodynamic therapy (CDT)
Fenton↑, CDT is a promising treatment strategy for cancer that utilizes the in situ Fenton reaction, which is activated by endogenous substances, such as GSH and H2O2 without the need for external energy input
H2O2↑, Copper-based substrates have been developed that generate H2O2 internally and function effectively in weakly acidic tumor microenvironments (TME)
eff↑, metal peroxide nanomaterials and offers a promising strategy to improve CDT efficacy
eff↑, Copper nanoparticles can also be used in phototherapy
eff↑, Copper nanoparticles have also shown success in destroying cancer tissue by hyperthermia. This method is a local anticancer treatment in which cells are exposed to high temperatures.
RadioS↑, promising results when used in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy for various tumor types.
ChemoSen↑,
eff↑, copper nanoparticles are promising in cancer immunotherapy because they enhance immune-based therapies
*toxicity↝, Copper is a necessary trace mineral for the human body, but high concentrations of copper can be toxic
other↑, Extensive research has shown that cancer cells require an increased copper content to support their rapid growth compared to normal cells
eff↑, Copper nanoparticles can be used to generate heat when exposed to certain wavelengths of light or alternating magnetic fields.

1572- Cu,    Recent Advances in Cancer Therapeutic Copper-Based Nanomaterials for Antitumor Therapy
- Review, NA, NA
eff↑, generate a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to light, which could be adopted for photodynamic therapy.
Fenton↑, Cu2+ is vulnerable to the reduction to Cu+, allowing Cu to drive the Fenton reaction and produce hydroxyl radicals (·OH).
ROS↑, increasing Cu ions in cancer tissue makes an antitumor impact that mainly involves OS by triggering the Fenton reaction, which can produce ROS
eff↑, compared with other metals (iron, chromium, cobalt and nickel), the Cu-based Fenton reaction can react in wider pH range
mtDam↑, Excessive Cu can induce the toxic level of ROS that may aggravate the mitochondrial ROS, causing mitochondrial damage
BAX↑, Cu-induced ROS increased Bax (pro-apoptotic protein), while Bcl2 (anti-apoptotic protein) was decreased
Bcl-2↓,
MMP↓,
Cyt‑c↑, releasing CytC that activated Caspase3
Casp3↑,
ER Stress↑, Nano-CuO) triggers OS by ROS, thus stimulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress
CHOP↑, which thereby enhanced the expression of CHOP
Apoptosis↑, and CHOP-induced apoptosis
selectivity↑, In fact, autophagy induced by copper can either protect cells from death or contribute to cell death, depending on autophagic flux, which is associated with the concentration of copper.
eff↑, combining artemisinin (ART) and copper peroxide nanodots to enhance autophagy and ferroptosis that produced highly cancer toxic reaction
Pyro↑, Copper-Based Pyroptosis
Paraptosis↑, Copper-Based Paraptosis
Cupro↑, Copper-Based Cuproptosis
ChemoSen↑, studies suggested that Cu-MOFs might be a robust nanoplatform for enhancing chemotherapy activity of Cu-organic compounds.
eff↑, CuS NPs had the ability to directly target cancer cells and then induce in nucleus by modification of RGD and TAT peptides, thus heating cancer cell to exhaustive apoptosis through 980 nm NIR irradiation

1570- Cu,    Development of copper nanoparticles and their prospective uses as antioxidants, antimicrobials, anticancer agents in the pharmaceutical sector
- Review, NA, NA
selectivity↑, specific toxicity towards cancer cells while protecting normal cells
antiOx↑, CuNPs have strong antioxidant properties because they can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent oxidative damage. CuNPs are potent antioxidants due to their tiny size and wide surface area, which improve their interactions with ROS
ROS↑, Through several processes, such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, and a reduction in cell growth, they can cause cancer cells to die. CuNPs can produce ROS inside cancer cells, resulting in oxidative stress and cell death
eff↑, For improved therapeutic benefits, CuNPs can be utilized alone or with other anti-cancer drugs.
GSH↓, When exposed to CuONPs concentration in a dose-dependent manner (10, 25, 50 μg/ml), the human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549) showed depletion of glutathione and stimulation of lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase.
lipid-P↑,
Catalase↓,
SOD↓,
other↑, CuNPs releasing copper ions may also cause ROS and oxidative stress.


* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 6

Results for Effect on Cancer/Diseased Cells:
angioG↑,1,   antiOx↑,1,   AntiTum↑,1,   Apoptosis↓,1,   Apoptosis↑,2,   BAX↑,1,   Bcl-2↓,1,   Casp3↑,1,   Catalase↓,1,   ChemoSen↑,2,   CHOP↑,1,   Cupro↑,2,   Cyt‑c↑,1,   DNAdam↑,1,   eff↓,1,   eff↑,17,   ER Stress↑,2,   Fenton↑,3,   Ferroptosis↑,1,   GSH↓,3,   GSH/GSSG↓,1,   H2O2↑,2,   lipid-P↑,1,   MMP↓,1,   mtDam↑,1,   other↑,2,   Paraptosis↑,2,   Pyro↑,1,   RadioS↑,1,   ROS↑,5,   selectivity↑,6,   SOD↓,1,   TumCCA↑,1,   TumCD↑,1,   tumCV↓,1,  
Total Targets: 35

Results for Effect on Normal Cells:
BioAv↑,1,   ROS∅,1,   toxicity?,1,   toxicity↝,1,  
Total Targets: 4

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: selectivity, selectivity
6 Copper and Cu NanoParticlex
1 Hydroxycinnamic-acid
1 chemodynamic therapy
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:64  Target#:1110  State#:%  Dir#:%
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