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| Copper Metal Copper levels are considerably elevated in various malignancies. Copper [Cu(II)] is a transition and trace element in living organisms. It increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free-radical generation that might damage biomolecules like DNA, proteins, and lipids. Copper (dietary/physiology) ≠ copper-loading therapeutics ≠ copper nanoparticles. For Cu nanoparticles, the dominant and most reproducible theme is toxicity via ROS → mitochondrial damage/genotoxicity, not clean tumor selectivity. - Copper acts as a critical cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in redox reactions, energy production, and connective tissue formation. - Increased copper levels in the tumor microenvironment can enhance angiogenic signaling and thus supply the tumor with necessary oxygen and nutrients, facilitating tumor growth and metastasis. - Copper can participate in redox cycling reactions, similar to the Fenton reaction, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). - Cancer cells often exhibit altered copper homeostasis, with some studies showing elevated copper levels in tumor tissues relative to normal tissues. Two main approaches are: - Copper Chelation: Drugs that bind copper (chelators) can reduce the bioavailability of copper, potentially inhibiting angiogenesis and other copper-dependent tumor processes. - Copper Ionophores: These agents facilitate the transport of copper into cancer cells to induce cytotoxicity by elevating intracellular copper levels beyond a tolerable threshold, leading to cell death. - Depletion of glutathione and stimulation of lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase. - Studies have shown that the level of copper in tumour cells and blood serum from cancer patients is elevated, and the conclusion is that cancer cells need more copper than healthy cells. (but also sometimes depleted). - Copper is a double-edged sword, maintaining normal cell development and promoting tumor development. - Tumor tissue has a higher demand for copper and is more susceptible to copper homeostasis, copper may modulate cancer cell survival through reactive oxygen species (ROS) excessive accumulation, proteasome inhibition and anti-angiogenesis. Natural Product: Cu, Copper (ion biology)
Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G
Copper Nanoparticles: CuNP / CuO-NP (tox + “anticancer” claims are mostly preclinical)
Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G
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| Vimentin, a major constituent of the intermediate filament family of proteins, is ubiquitously expressed in normal mesenchymal cells and is known to maintain cellular integrity and provide resistance against stress. Vimentin is overexpressed in various epithelial cancers, including prostate cancer, gastrointestinal tumors, tumors of the central nervous system, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, and lung cancer. Vimentin’s overexpression in cancer correlates well with accelerated tumor growth, invasion, and poor prognosis; however, the role of vimentin in cancer progression remains obscure. In many epithelial-derived tumors (carcinomas), elevated Vimentin expression is often observed in cancer cells that have undergone EMT. This upregulation is characteristic of a shift toward a mesenchymal state, which is associated with reduced cell–cell adhesion and increased motility. Vimentin expression is also noted in the tumor stroma, reflecting the presence and activation of mesenchymal cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This dual expression can contribute to the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. The degree of Vimentin expression may vary depending on the tumor type, grade, and stage. More aggressive and advanced tumors tend to show higher levels of Vimentin expression. High Vimentin expression has been correlated with poor clinical outcomes in several cancers, including breast, colorectal, prostate, and lung cancers. Elevated Vimentin levels are typically associated with higher tumor grade, increased invasiveness, enhanced metastatic potential, and a greater risk of recurrence. As a component of the EMT signature, high Vimentin expression can serve as an indicator of a more aggressive tumor phenotype and is often associated with reduced overall survival. - vimentin up-regulation is often used as a marker of EMT in cancer |
| 5012- | DSF, | Cu, | Advancing Cancer Therapy with Copper/Disulfiram Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Systems |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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