HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) is a surrogate index of:
-Insulin resistance
-Compensatory hyperinsulinemia
Functionally, a high HOMA-IR indicates chronic activation of insulin–IGF signaling, which is directly oncogenic.
HOMA-IR < 1.0: Low oncogenic insulin signaling
HOMA-IR 1.5–2.5: Mild risk amplification
HOMA-IR > 2.5–3.0: Sustained oncogenic signaling environment
Reducing HOMA-IR downregulates oncogenic signaling:
-Caloric restriction / fasting
-Exercise (↑ insulin sensitivity, ↑ irisin)
-AMPK activation (e.g., metformin)
-Weight reduction (↓ leptin, ↓ resistin
A high HOMA-IR reflects a pro-cancer signaling state, characterized by:
-PI3K–AKT–mTOR hyperactivation
-Loss of metabolic checkpoints
-Inflammation–hormone synergy
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