Warburg Cancer Research Results

Warburg, Warburg Effect: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type: effect

The Warburg effect (aerobic glycolysis) is a metabolic phenotype where many cancer cells use high glycolytic flux and lactate production even when oxygen is available. Tumors often contain hypoxic regions that further drive glycolysis, but Warburg metabolism can also occur under normoxic conditions (“pseudo-hypoxia”) via oncogenic signaling and metabolic rewiring.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) is one important driver in hypoxic tumor regions. HIF-1α upregulates glycolytic genes (e.g., GLUT1, HK2, LDHA) and promotes reduced mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in part through induction of PDK (which inhibits PDH), shifting carbon toward lactate.

Warburg effect (GLUT1, LDHA, HK2, and PKM2).
Classic HIF-Warburg axis: PDK1 and MCT4 (SLC16A3) (pyruvate gate + lactate export).

Here are some of the key pathways and potential targets:

Note: use database Filter to find inhibitors: Ex pick target HIF1α, and effect direction ↓

1.Glycolysis Inhibitors:(2-DG, 3-BP)
- HK2 Inhibitors: such as 2-deoxyglucose, can reduce glycolysis
-PFK1 Inhibitors: such as PFK-158, can reduce glycolysis
-PFKFB Inhibitors:
- PKM2 Inhibitors: (Shikonin)
-Can reduce glycolysis
- LDH Inhibitors: (Gossypol, FX11)
-Reducing the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.
-Inhibiting the production of ATP and NADH.
- GLUT1 Inhibitors: (phloretin, WZB117)
-A key transporter involved in glucose uptake.
-GLUT3 Inhibitors:
- PDK1 Inhibitors: (dichloroacetate)
- A key enzyme involved in the regulation of glycolysis. PDK inhibitors (e.g., DCA) activate PDH and shift pyruvate into TCA/OXPHOS, reducing lactate pressure.

2.Pentose phosphate pathway:
- G6PD Inhibitors: can reduce the pentose phosphate pathway

3.Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) pathway:
- HIF1α inhibitors: (PX-478,Shikonin)
-Reduce expression of glycolytic genes and inhibit cancer cell growth.

4.AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway:
-AMPK activators: (metformin,AICAR,berberine)
-Can increase AMPK activity and inhibit cancer cell growth.

5.mTOR pathway:
- mTOR inhibitors:(rapamycin,everolimus)
-Can reduce mTOR activity and inhibit cancer cell growth.

Warburg Targeting Matrix (Cancer Metabolism)

Node What It Does (Warburg role) Representative Inhibitors / Modulators Mechanism Snapshot Typical Tumor Effects Best-Fit Tumor Context Common Constraints / Gotchas TSF Combination Logic
GLUT (glucose uptake)
GLUT1 (SLC2A1) focus		 Controls glucose entry; sets the upper bound on glycolytic flux. Research/repurposing: WZB117 (GLUT1), BAY-876 (GLUT1), STF-31 (GLUT1 tool), Fasentin (GLUT), Phloretin (broad, weak)
Dietary/indirect: some polyphenols reported to lower GLUT1 expression (context) 		Blocks glucose transport or reduces GLUT1 expression → less substrate for glycolysis & PPP. ATP stress (in highly glycolytic tumors), lactate ↓, growth slowdown; can sensitize to stressors. High-GLUT1 tumors; hypoxic / glycolysis-addicted phenotypes. Systemic glucose handling and glucose-dependent tissues; tumor compensation via alternate fuels. P, R Pairs with ROS/ETC stressors or LDH/MCT blockade; beware compensatory glutaminolysis/fatty acid oxidation.
Hexokinase (HK2)
first committed glycolysis step		 Traps glucose as G-6-P; HK2 often upregulated and mitochondria-associated in tumors. Clinical/adjunct interest: 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG; glycolysis + glycosylation stress)
Research: Lonidamine-class glycolysis axis drugs (not “pure HK2”), 3-bromopyruvate (hazardous research agent; not for casual use) 		Competitive substrate mimic (2-DG) → 2-DG-6P accumulation; HK flux ↓; ER glycosylation stress ↑. ATP ↓, AMPK ↑, ER stress/UPR ↑, autophagy ↑, apoptosis (context); radiosensitization reported. Highly glycolytic tumors; tumors with strong HK2 dependence; hypoxic cores. Normal glucose-dependent tissues; ER-stress toxicities; dosing/tolerability limits in practice. P, R, G Pairs with radiation, pro-oxidant stress, or MCT/LDH blockade; watch systemic glucose effects.
LDH (LDHA/LDHB)
pyruvate ⇄ lactate		 Regenerates NAD+ to sustain glycolysis; LDHA supports lactate production and acidification. Tier A direct inhibitors: FX11, (R)-GNE-140, NCI-006, Oxamate, Galloflavin, Gossypol
Tier B indirect: polyphenols (often lactate/LDH expression ↓ rather than catalytic inhibition) 		Blocks LDH catalysis → NAD+ recycling ↓ → glycolysis throttles; pyruvate handling shifts; redox pressure ↑. Lactate ↓, glycolytic flux ↓, oxidative stress ↑ (often secondary), growth inhibition; immune microenvironment may improve if lactate decreases. LDHA-high tumors; lactate-driven immunosuppression; glycolysis-addicted phenotypes. Metabolic plasticity: tumors switch fuels; some LDH inhibitors have PK liabilities; “LDH release” ≠ LDH inhibition. R, G Pairs with MCT inhibition (trap lactate), NAD+ axis inhibitors, immune therapy (lactate suppression logic), and OXPHOS stressors (context).
MCT (lactate transport)
MCT1 (SLC16A1), MCT4 (SLC16A3)		 Exports lactate + H+ (acidifies TME); enables lactate shuttling between tumor subclones. Clinical-stage: AZD3965 (MCT1 inhibitor; clinical trials)
Research: AR-C155858 (MCT1/2), Syrosingopine (MCT1/4; repurposed), Lonidamine (MCT + MPC axis) 		Blocks lactate export/import → intracellular acid stress ↑ (in glycolytic cells) and lactate shuttling ↓. Acid stress, growth inhibition; may improve immune function by reducing lactate/acidic suppression (context). MCT1-high tumors; oxidative “lactate-using” tumor fractions; tumors with lactate shuttling. MCT4-driven export can bypass MCT1-only inhibitors; hypoxia upregulates MCT4; need target matching. P, R Pairs strongly with LDH inhibitors (cut production + block export), and with immune therapy rationale (lactate/acid microenvironment).
PDK (PDK1-4)
PDH gatekeeper		 PDK inhibits PDH → keeps pyruvate out of mitochondria; supports Warburg by favoring lactate. Prototype: Dichloroacetate (DCA; pan-PDK inhibitor “classic”)
Research: AZD7545 (PDK2 inhibitor; tool), newer PDK inhibitor series (research) 		Inhibits PDK → PDH active ↑ → pyruvate into TCA/OXPHOS ↑; lactate pressure ↓. Warburg reversal pressure (context), lactate ↓, mitochondrial flux ↑; can increase ROS in some settings (secondary). PDK-high tumors; tumors with suppressed PDH flux; “glycolysis locked” metabolic phenotype. Requires functional mitochondrial capacity; hypoxia can limit OXPHOS shift; effect is often modulatory rather than directly cytotoxic. R, G Pairs with therapies that exploit mitochondrial dependence or redox stress; can complement LDH/MCT strategies by reducing lactate drive.

Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G

  • P: 0–30 min (direct transport/enzyme flux effects begin)
  • R: 30 min–3 hr (acute ATP/NAD+/acid stress and signaling changes)
  • G: >3 hr (gene adaptation, phenotype outcomes, immune/TME effects)
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
5273- 3BP,    The promising anticancer drug 3-bromopyruvate is metabolized through glutathione conjugation which affects chemoresistance and clinical practice: An evidence-based view
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, ROS↑, angioG↓, CSCs↓, Warburg↓, GSH↓, Thiols↓,
3453- 5-ALA,    The heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid disrupts the Warburg effect in tumor cells and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis
- in-vitro, Lung, A549
OXPHOS↑, OCR↑, Warburg↓, ROS↑, SOD2↑, Catalase↑, HO-1↑, Casp3↑, Apoptosis↑,
2321- ART/DHA,    Dihydroartemisinin mediating PKM2-caspase-8/3-GSDME axis for pyroptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- in-vitro, ESCC, Eca109 - in-vitro, ESCC, EC9706
Pyro↑, PKM2↓, Casp8↑, Casp3↑, Warburg↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑,
2388- Ash,    Withaferin A decreases glycolytic reprogramming in breast cancer
- in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-468 - in-vitro, BC, MCF7 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-453
GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, ATP↓, Glycolysis↓, GLUT1↓, HK2↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, Warburg↓, cMyc↓,
2707- BBR,    Berberine exerts its antineoplastic effects by reversing the Warburg effect via downregulation of the Akt/mTOR/GLUT1 signaling pathway
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2 - in-vitro, BC, MCF7
GLUT1↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓, ATP↓, GlucoseCon↓, TumCP↓, Warburg↓, selectivity↑, TumCCA↑, Glycolysis↓,
2710- BBR,    Berberine inhibits the Warburg effect through TET3/miR-145/HK2 pathways in ovarian cancer cells
- in-vitro, Ovarian, SKOV3
Warburg↓, miR-145↑, HK2↓, TET3↑, Glycolysis↓, PKM2↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, PFK2↓, PDK1 / PDPK1↓,
5745- Buty,    Microbial Oncotarget: Bacterial-Produced Butyrate, Chemoprevention and Warburg Effect
- Review, Var, NA
selectivity↑, HDAC↓, TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, Warburg↓, chemoPv↑,
5731- Buty,    The Warburg Effect Dictates the Mechanism of Butyrate Mediated Histone Acetylation and Cell Proliferation
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116 - in-vitro, CRC, HT29
HDAC↓, Warburg↓, TumCP⇅, HATs↑, BioAv↓, other↝, Risk↓,
5737- Buty,    Butyrate Suppresses the Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Cells via Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Metabolic Reprogramming
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116
HDAC↓, TumCP↓, PKM2↑, Warburg↓,
2348- CAP,    Recent advances in analysis of capsaicin and its effects on metabolic pathways by mass spectrometry
- Analysis, Nor, NA
Warburg↓, *PKM2↓, *COX2/PTGS2↓, *Inflam↓, *Sepsis↓, *AMPK↑, *PKA↑, *mitResp↑, *FAO↑, *FASN↓, *PGM1?, *ATP↑, *ROS↓,
2347- CAP,    Capsaicin ameliorates inflammation in a TRPV1-independent mechanism by inhibiting PKM2-LDHA-mediated Warburg effect in sepsis
- in-vivo, Nor, NA - in-vitro, Nor, RAW264.7
*PKM2↓, *LDHA↓, *Warburg↓, *COX2/PTGS2↓, *Sepsis↓, *Inflam↓, *ECAR↓, *OCR↑,
2392- Cela,    The role of natural products targeting macrophage polarization in sepsis-induced lung injury
- Review, Sepsis, NA
TNF-α↓, IL1β↓, IL6↓, Warburg↓, PKM2↓, NRF2↑, HO-1↑, NF-kB↓, iNOS↓, M1↓,
2393- Cela,    Celastrol mitigates inflammation in sepsis by inhibiting the PKM2-dependent Warburg effect
- in-vivo, Sepsis, NA - in-vitro, Nor, RAW264.7
OS↑, PKM2↓, Glycolysis↓, Warburg↓, Inflam↓, HMGB1↓, ALAT↓, AST↓, TNF-α↓, IL1β↓, IL6↓,
1583- Citrate,    Extracellular citrate and metabolic adaptations of cancer cells
- Review, Var, NA
Warburg↓, OXPHOS↓, Dose∅, TumCP↓, ATP↓, ChemoSen↑, Apoptosis↑, TumCG↓, PFK1↓,
6223- CUR,    Curcumin Rewires the Tumor Metabolic Landscape: Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects
- Review, Var, NA
Ferroptosis↑, GutMicro↑, Akt↓, mTOR↓, NF-kB↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, STAT3↓, TumCP↓, TumCI↓, TumMeta↓, AMPK↑, P53↑, NRF2↑, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, Casp↑, GPx4↓, DNMTs↓, HDAC↓, VEGF↓, Imm↑, NK cell↑, Warburg↓, Hif1a↓, HK2↓, PKM2↓, LDHA↓, GLUT1↓, MCT1↓, AMPK↑, FASN↓, SCD1↓, GLS↓, Apoptosis↑, ETC↓, MMP↓, ROS↑, lipid-P↑, ChemoSen↑, PDK1 / PDPK1↓, Beclin-1/ATG6↓, ATP↓, Glycolysis↓, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↑, MMPs↓, GSH↓, G6PD↓, OXPHOS↓, SREBP2↓, COX2/PTGS2↓, AP-1↓, NADH↓, NRF2↑, HO-1↑, Iron↑, MDA↑, *ROS↓, *Inflam↓,
2307- CUR,    Cell-Type Specific Metabolic Response of Cancer Cells to Curcumin
- in-vitro, Colon, HT29 - in-vitro, Laryn, FaDu
PKM2↓, Warburg↓, mTOR↓, Hif1a↓, Glycolysis↓,
6683- DCA,    Dichloroacetate for Cancer Treatment: Some Facts and Many Doubts
- Review, Var, NA
PDK1 / PDPK1↓, lactateProd↓, Apoptosis↑, TumCP↓, selectivity↑, other↝, Dose↝, BioAv↑, Half-Life↓, Glycolysis↓, OXPHOS↑, Casp↑, i-pH↓, COX2/PTGS2↑, Hif1a↓, angioG↓, HMG-CoA↓, GSTZ1↓, OCR↑, lipoGen↓, fatigue↓, survivin↓, miR-375↑, eff↓, CSCs↓, TumAuto↑, mTOR↓, TumCI↓, TumVol↓, TumW↓, ATP↓, Warburg↓, eff↑, e-pH↑, Synergy↑, Synergy↑, other↝, RadioS↑, toxicity↓, Dose↝, Synergy↑, Synergy↑, Synergy↑, toxicity↝, eff↓,
1884- DCA,  Sal,    Dichloroacetate and Salinomycin Exert a Synergistic Cytotoxic Effect in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines
- in-vitro, CRC, DLD1 - in-vitro, CRC, HCT116
Synergy↑, pH↓, PDKs↓, Warburg↓,
1875- DCA,    Dichloroacetate inhibits neuroblastoma growth by specifically acting against malignant undifferentiated cells
- in-vitro, neuroblastoma, NA - in-vivo, NA, NA
selectivity↑, AntiCan↑, TumVol↓, PDKs↓, mt-OXPHOS↑, MMP↓, Glycolysis↓, toxicity↓, Warburg↓, ROS↑, eff↑,
1873- DCA,    Dual-targeting of aberrant glucose metabolism in glioblastoma
- in-vitro, GBM, U87MG - in-vitro, GBM, U251
PDKs↓, Synergy↑, selectivity↑, MMP↓, ROS↑, Apoptosis↑, Warburg↓, Synergy↑, Dose∅, toxicity∅,
2352- dietFMD,    Glucose restriction reverses the Warburg effect and modulates PKM2 and mTOR expression in breast cancer cell lines
- in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231 - in-vitro, BC, MCF7
Warburg↓, mTOR↓, PKM2↓,
1861- dietFMD,  Chemo,    Fasting induces anti-Warburg effect that increases respiration but reduces ATP-synthesis to promote apoptosis in colon cancer models
- in-vitro, Colon, CT26 - in-vivo, NA, NA
selectivity↑, ChemoSen↑, BG↓, AminoA↓, Warburg↓, OCR↑, ATP↓, ROS↑, Apoptosis↑, GlucoseCon↓, PI3K↓, PTEN↑, GLUT1↓, GLUT2↓, HK2↓, PFK1↓, PKA↓, ATP:AMP↓, Glycolysis↓, lactateProd↓,
1863- dietFMD,  Chemo,    Effect of fasting on cancer: A narrative review of scientific evidence
- Review, Var, NA
Synergy↑, ChemoSideEff↓, ChemoSen↑, Insulin↓, HDAC↓, IGF-1↓, STAT5↓, BG↓, MAPK↓, HO-1↓, ATG3↑, Beclin-1/ATG6↑, p62↑, SIRT1↑, LAMP2↑, OXPHOS↑, ROS↑, P53↑, DNAdam↑, TumCD↑, ATP↑, Treg lymp↓, M2 MC↓, CD8+↑, Glycolysis↓, GutMicro↑, GutMicro↑, Warburg↓, Dose↝,
5069- dietSTF,    The Role of Intermittent Fasting in the Activation of Autophagy Processes in the Context of Cancer Diseases
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓, ChemoSen↑, RadioS↑, *Dose↝, *Dose↝, *Dose↝, *LDL↓, *CRP↓, *TNF-α↓, TumAuto↓, GLUT1↓, GLUT2↓, glucose↓, IGF-1↓, Insulin↓, mTOR↓, mTORC1↓, AMPK↑, Warburg↓, OXPHOS↑, ROS↑, DNAdam↑, JAK1↓, STAT↓, TumCP↓, QoL↑,
649- EGCG,  CUR,  PI,    Targeting Cancer Hallmarks with Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): Mechanistic Basis and Therapeutic Targets
- Review, Var, NA
*BioEnh↑, EGFR↓, HER2/EBBR2↓, IGF-1↓, MAPK↓, ERK↓, RAS↓, Raf↓, NF-kB↓, p‑pRB↓, TumCCA↑, Glycolysis↓, Warburg↓, HK2↓, Pyruv↓,
6823- EMD,    Role of emodin to prevent gastrointestinal cancers: recent trends and future prospective
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, *antiOx↑, *chemoP↑, *Inflam↓, TumCP↓, TumMeta↓, TumCCA↑, MAPK↑, BAX↑, Casp↑, ROS↑, *BioAv↓, other↝, TumCI↓, EMT↓, TumCG↑, Apoptosis↑, TumCP↑, MMP2↓, Casp3↑, ChemoSen↑, PI3K↓, Akt↓, Cyt‑c↑, cl‑PARP↑, MMP↓, Warburg↓, HK2↓, PKM2↓, LDHA↓, mtDam↑, Apoptosis↑, N-cadherin↓, Vim↓, E-cadherin↑, eff↑, eff↑, eff↑, toxicity↝, toxicity↑,
6862- FBZ,    Research: The Urgent Need for Clinical Studies to Evaluate the Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Fenbendazole
- Review, Var, NA
mitA↑, Apoptosis↑, GLUT4↓, HK2↓, Warburg↓, TumCCA↑, P53↑, Casp↑, TumCP↓, ROS↑, Ferroptosis↑, TumVol↓, Dose↝, BioAv↓, RadioS↝, ChemoSen↑,
2313- Flav,    Flavonoids against the Warburg phenotype—concepts of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine to cut the Gordian knot of cancer cell metabolism
- Review, Var, NA
Warburg↓, antiOx↑, angioG↓, Glycolysis↓, PKM2↓, PKM2:PKM1↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, cMyc↓, HK2↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓, GLUT1↓, Hif1a↓,
7124- Ge-132,    Physiological Activity of Trace Element Germanium including Anticancer Properties
- Review, Var, NA
*toxicity↓, Risk↓, Dose↝, AntiCan↑, AntiTum↑, Inflam↓, OXPHOS↝, *toxicity↓, *toxicity↓, other↑, Synergy↑, *Bacteria↓, *AntiFungal↑, eff↑, Synergy↑, ROS↑, Synergy↑, toxicity↝, *H2O2↓, *ROS↓, Warburg↓,
7297- GlaB,    H-NMR metabolomics reveals the Glabrescione B exacerbation of glycolytic metabolism beside the cell growth inhibitory effect in glioma
- vitro+vivo, GBM, NA
TumCG↓, Glycolysis↑, lactateProd↑, Warburg↑, eff↑, Gli1↓,
7298- GlaB,    Glycolytic Metabolic Remodeling by the Truncate of Glioma-Associated Oncogene Homolog 1 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, BC, NA
Gli1↓, GlucoseCon↑, lactateProd↝, Warburg↑,
2351- lamb,    Anti-Warburg effect via generation of ROS and inhibition of PKM2/β-catenin mediates apoptosis of lambertianic acid in prostate cancer cells
- in-vitro, Pca, DU145 - in-vitro, Pca, PC3
proCasp3↓, proPARP↓, LDHA↓, Glycolysis↓, HK2↓, PKM2↓, lactateProd↓, p‑STAT3↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, cMyc↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, p‑GSK‐3β↓, ROS↑, eff↓, Warburg↓,
2545- M-Blu,    Reversing the Warburg Effect as a Treatment for Glioblastoma
- in-vitro, GBM, U87MG - NA, AD, NA - in-vitro, GBM, A172 - in-vitro, GBM, T98G
Warburg↓, OCR↑, lactateProd↓, TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, AMPK↑, ACC↓, Cyc↓, neuroP↑, Cyt‑c↝, Glycolysis↓, ECAR↓, TumCG↓, other↓,
2542- M-Blu,    In Vitro Methylene Blue and Carboplatin Combination Triggers Ovarian Cancer Cells Death
- in-vitro, Ovarian, OV1369 - in-vitro, Ovarian, OV1946 - in-vitro, Nor, ARPE-19
BioAv↝, TumCP↓, GlutaM↓, Warburg↓, OCR↑, Glycolysis↓, ATP↓, BioAv↝, ROS↑,
2540- M-Blu,    Alternative mitochondrial electron transfer for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and cancers: Methylene blue connects the dots
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA
*OCR↑, *Glycolysis↓, *GlucoseCon↑, neuroP↑, Warburg↓, mt-OXPHOS↑, TumCCA↑, TumCP↓, ROS⇅, *cognitive↑, *mTOR↓, *mt-antiOx↑, *memory↑, *BBB↑, *eff↝, *ECAR↓, eff↑, lactateProd↓, NADPH↓, OXPHOS↑, AMPK↑, selectivity↑,
8527- Matr,    Matrine Promotes Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells Apoptosis Through Warburg Effect Mediated by Hexokinase 2
- in-vitro, AML, K562
TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, Warburg↓, HK2↓, Synergy↑, Glycolysis↓,
2377- MET,    Metformin Inhibits TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition via PKM2 Relative-mTOR/p70s6k Signaling Pathway in Cervical Carcinoma Cells
- in-vitro, Cerv, HeLa - in-vitro, Cerv, SiHa
EMT↓, P70S6K↓, mTOR↓, PKM2↓, Warburg↓, AMPK↑,
994- MET,    Tumor metabolism destruction via metformin-based glycolysis inhibition and glucose oxidase-mediated glucose deprivation for enhanced cancer therapy
- in-vitro, Var, NA
Glycolysis↓, HK2↓, ATP↓, AMPK↑, P53↑, Warburg↓, Apoptosis↑,
2245- MF,    Quantum based effects of therapeutic nuclear magnetic resonance persistently reduce glycolysis
- in-vitro, Nor, NIH-3T3
Warburg↓, Hif1a↓, *Hif1a∅, Glycolysis↓, *lactateProd↓, *ADP:ATP↓, Pyruv↓, ADP:ATP↓, *PPP↓, *mt-ROS↑, *ROS↓, RPM↑, *ECAR↓,
8740- MGO,    Methylglyoxal induces ambience for cancer promotion in HepG2 cells via Warburg effect and promotes glycation
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
GLO-I↓, HAGH/GLO2↓, RAGE↑, AGEs↑, Hypoxia↑, ROS↑, GlucoseCon↑, GLUT1↑, HK2↑, PFK1↑, LDH↑, lactateProd↑, Glycolysis↑, Hif1a↑, Warburg↑,
8671- MLT,    Targeting mitochondrial metabolism in renal cell carcinoma with melatonin: Preclinical evidence and clinical perspectives
- Review, RCC, NA
OXPHOS↑, Warburg↓, ROS↑, Akt↓, mTOR↓, NF-kB↓, HIF-1↓, VEGF↓, MAPK↓, TumCG↓, angioG↓, TumCI↓, Apoptosis↑, TumAuto↑, Synergy↑, *toxicity↓,
8663- MLT,    Melatonin suppresses Akt/mTOR/S6K activity, induces cell apoptosis, and synergistically inhibits cell growth with sunitinib in renal carcinoma cells via reversing Warburg effect
- vitro+vivo, RCC, 786-O
TumCG↓, ROS↑, TAC↓, TCA↑, Glycolysis↓, OCR↑, ATP↑, MMP↑, p‑Akt↓, p‑mTOR↓, p‑P70S6K↓, Hif1a↓, VEGFR1↓, eff↓, Synergy↑, Warburg↓, TumCP↓, SOD↓, GSH↓, Catalase↓, GPx↑, Warburg↓, OXPHOS↑, Hif1a↓, VEGF↓, Ki-67↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓,
8681- MLT,    Melatonin changes energy metabolism and reduces oncogenic signaling in ovarian cancer cells
- in-vitro, Ovarian, SKOV3
HIF-1↓, G6PD↓, GAPDH↓, PDH↓, CS↓, PFK1↓, LDH↓, PDH↑, lactateProd↓, glut↓, CREB↓, JNK↓, NF-kB↓, p38↓, ERK↓, Akt↓, P70S6K↓, STAT↓, Warburg↓, GlutaM↓,
8680- MLT,    Function of intramitochondrial melatonin and its association with Warburg metabolism
- Analysis, Var, NA
mt-ROS↓, Glycolysis↓, TumCP↓, SIRT3↑, FOXO↑, PDH↑, Hif1a↓, PDK1 / PDPK1↓, Warburg↓,
1782- MLT,    Melatonin in Cancer Treatment: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, Apoptosis↑, TumCP↓, TumCG↑, TumMeta↑, ChemoSideEff↓, radioP↑, ChemoSen↑, *ROS↓, *SOD↑, *GSH↑, *GPx↑, *Catalase↑, Dose∅, VEGF↓, Synergy↑, Hif1a↓, GLUT1↑, GLUT3↑, CAIX/CA9↑, P21↑, p27/CDKN1B↑, PTEN↑, Warburg↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, NF-kB↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, CDK4↓, CycB/CCNB1↓, CDK4↓, MAPK↑, IGF-1R↓, STAT3↓, MMP9↓, MMP2↓, MMP13↓, E-cadherin↑, Vim↓, RANKL↓, JNK↑, Bcl-2↓, P53↑, Casp3↑, Casp9↑, BAX↑, DNArepair↑, COX2/PTGS2↓, IL6↓, IL8↓, NO↓, T-Cell↑, NK cell↑, Treg lymp↓, FOXP3↓, CD4+↑, TNF-α↑, Th1 response↑, BioAv↝, RadioS↑, OS↑,
8863- MOR,    Morin Inhibits Proliferation of SW480 Colorectal Cancer Cells by Inducing Apoptosis Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Uncoupling of Warburg Effect
- in-vitro, Colon, SW48
TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, ROS↑, MMP↓, cl‑PARP↑, cl‑Casp3↑, cl‑Casp8↑, cl‑Casp9↑, BAX↑, Bcl-2↓, ATP↓, GlucoseCon↓, GLUT1↓, Warburg↓, Dose↝, Catalase↓, GSH↓, ADP:ATP↑, AMP↑,
5254- NCL,    The magic bullet: Niclosamide
- Review, Var, NA
Wnt↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, RAS↓, STAT3↓, NOTCH↓, E2Fs↓, mTOR↓, Synergy↑, PD-1↓, PD-L1↓, BioAv↝, toxicity↓, BioAv↑, ETC↑, NADH:NAD↓, TCA↑, Warburg↓, Diff↑, AMPK↑, P53↑, PP2A↑, HIF-1↓, KRAS↓, Myc↓, RadioS↑, ChemoSen↑, Dose↝, Dose↑,
2332- RES,    Resveratrol’s Anti-Cancer Effects through the Modulation of Tumor Glucose Metabolism
- Review, Var, NA
Glycolysis↓, GLUT1↓, PFK1↓, Hif1a↓, ROS↑, PDH↑, AMPK↑, TumCG↓, TumCI↓, TumCP↓, p‑NF-kB↓, SIRT1↑, SIRT3↑, LDH↓, PI3K↓, mTOR↓, PKM2↓, R5P↝, G6PD↓, TKT↝, talin↓, HK2↓, GRP78/BiP↑, GlucoseCon↓, ER Stress↑, Warburg↓, PFK↓,
2441- RES,    Anti-Cancer Properties of Resveratrol: A Focus on Its Impact on Mitochondrial Functions
- Review, Var, NA
*toxicity↓, *BioAv↝, *Dose↝, *hepatoP↑, *neuroP↑, *AntiAg↑, *COX2/PTGS2↓, *antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *ROS↑, PI3K↓, Akt↓, NF-kB↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, NRF2↑, GPx↑, HO-1↑, BioEnh?, PTEN↑, ChemoSen↑, eff↑, mt-ROS↑, Warburg↓, Glycolysis↓, GlucoseCon↓, GLUT1↓, lactateProd↓, HK2↓, EGFR↓, cMyc↓, ROS↝, MMPs↓, MMP7↓, survivin↓, TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓,
3006- RosA,    Rosmarinic acid attenuates glioblastoma cells and spheroids’ growth and EMT/stem-like state by PTEN/PI3K/AKT downregulation and ERK-induced apoptosis
- in-vitro, GBM, U87MG - in-vitro, GBM, LN229
TumCG↓, EMT↓, SIRT1↓, FOXO1↓, NF-kB↓, angioG↓, ROS↓, PTEN↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, *Inflam↓, *cardioP↑, *hepatoP↑, *neuroP↑, Warburg↓,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 50 of 69
Page 1 of 2 Next

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 69

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 1,   Catalase↓, 2,   Catalase↑, 1,   GPx↑, 2,   GPx4↓, 1,   GSH↓, 4,   GSH↑, 1,   HO-1↓, 1,   HO-1↑, 4,   Iron↑, 1,   lipid-P↑, 1,   MDA↑, 1,   NADH↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 5,   ROS↓, 3,   ROS↑, 21,   ROS⇅, 1,   ROS↝, 1,   mt-ROS↓, 1,   mt-ROS↑, 1,   RPM↑, 1,   SOD↓, 1,   SOD2↑, 1,   TAC↓, 1,   Thiols↓, 1,   TKT↝, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ADP:ATP↓, 1,   ADP:ATP↑, 1,   CS↓, 1,   ETC↓, 1,   ETC↑, 1,   Insulin↓, 2,   mtDam↑, 1,   OCR↑, 6,   OXPHOS↓, 2,   OXPHOS↑, 7,   OXPHOS↝, 1,   mt-OXPHOS↑, 2,   PDH↓, 1,   PDH↑, 4,   PDH∅, 1,   SIRT3↑, 2,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ACC↓, 1,   ACLY↓, 1,   ALAT↓, 1,   AminoA↓, 1,   AMP↑, 1,   AMPK↓, 1,   AMPK↑, 10,   ATP↓, 12,   ATP↑, 3,   ATP:AMP↓, 1,   CAIX/CA9↑, 1,   citrate↓, 1,   ECAR↓, 3,   FASN↓, 3,   FBP1↑, 1,   G6PD↓, 3,   GAPDH↓, 1,   GLO-I↓, 1,   GLS↓, 1,   glucose↓, 1,   GlucoseCon↓, 14,   GlucoseCon↑, 2,   glut↓, 1,   GlutaM↓, 2,   Glycolysis↓, 32,   Glycolysis↑, 2,   p‑GSK‐3β↓, 1,   HAGH/GLO2↓, 1,   HK2↓, 17,   HK2↑, 1,   HMG-CoA↓, 1,   lactateProd↓, 17,   lactateProd↑, 3,   lactateProd↝, 1,   LDHA↓, 8,   LDHA∅, 1,   lipoGen↓, 1,   NADH:NAD↓, 1,   NADPH↓, 2,   PDK1 / PDPK1↓, 5,   PDKs↓, 3,   PFK↓, 1,   PFK1↓, 4,   PFK1↑, 1,   PFK2↓, 1,   PKM2↓, 21,   PKM2↑, 1,   PKM2∅, 1,   p‑PKM2↓, 1,   PKM2:PKM1↓, 1,   Pyruv↓, 2,   R5P↝, 1,   SCD1↓, 1,   SIRT1↓, 1,   SIRT1↑, 2,   SREBP2↓, 1,   TCA↑, 2,   Warburg↓, 66,   Warburg↑, 3,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Apoptosis↑, 21,   ASC↑, 1,   BAX↑, 4,   Bcl-2↓, 4,   Bcl-xL↓, 1,   BNIP3↑, 1,   Casp↑, 4,   Casp1↓, 1,   Casp3↑, 6,   cl‑Casp3↑, 1,   proCasp3↓, 1,   Casp8↑, 1,   cl‑Casp8↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 2,   cl‑Casp9↑, 1,   Cyt‑c↑, 2,   Cyt‑c↝, 1,   Ferroptosis↑, 2,   iNOS↓, 1,   MDM2↓, 1,   necrosis↑, 1,   p38↓, 1,   p38↑, 1,   Pyro↑, 1,   survivin↓, 3,   TumCD↑, 2,   XIAP↓, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

Akt↓, 14,   p‑Akt↓, 1,   CREB↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 2,   ERK↓, 3,   HER2/EBBR2↓, 1,   Hippo↑, 1,   IGF-1R↓, 1,   JAK1↓, 1,   JNK↓, 1,   JNK↑, 2,   MAPK↓, 3,   MAPK↑, 3,   MARK4↓, 2,   mTOR↓, 16,   p‑mTOR↓, 1,   P70S6K↓, 2,   p‑P70S6K↓, 1,   PFKFB2↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 10,   p‑PI3K↑, 1,   PKA↓, 1,   PP2A↑, 1,   PTEN↓, 1,   PTEN↑, 4,   Raf↓, 1,   RAS↓, 2,   STAT↓, 2,   STAT3↓, 5,   p‑STAT3↓, 1,   STAT5↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

cMyc↓, 6,   DNMTs↓, 1,   FOXM1↓, 1,   FOXO↑, 1,   FOXO1↓, 1,   H4↑, 1,   HATs↑, 1,   HDAC↓, 6,   HDAC2↓, 3,   miR-145↑, 1,   miR-155↓, 2,   miR-375↑, 1,   Myc↓, 1,   OCT4↓, 1,   other↓, 1,   other↑, 1,   other↝, 4,   SOX2↓, 1,   TET3↑, 1,   tumCV↓, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

ER Stress↑, 1,   GRP78/BiP↑, 1,   HSP27↓, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

ATG3↑, 1,   Beclin-1/ATG6↓, 1,   Beclin-1/ATG6↑, 1,   LAMP2↑, 1,   p62↑, 1,   TumAuto↓, 1,   TumAuto↑, 2,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↑, 3,   DNArepair↑, 1,   P53↑, 6,   PARP↑, 1,   cl‑PARP↓, 1,   cl‑PARP↑, 2,   proPARP↓, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

CDK4↓, 3,   Cyc↓, 1,   CycB/CCNB1↓, 1,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 3,   E2Fs↓, 1,   Ki-67↓, 2,   mitA↑, 1,   P21↑, 1,   p27/CDKN1B↑, 1,   p‑pRB↓, 1,   TumCCA↑, 10,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

CD34↓, 1,   CSCs↓, 2,   Diff↑, 1,   Gli1↓, 3,   IGF-1↓, 3,   Jun↓, 1,   Ki-67↓, 2,   mTORC1↓, 1,   Nanog↓, 1,   NOTCH↓, 2,   TumCG↓, 12,   TumCG↑, 2,   TumCP↓, 23,   TumCP↑, 1,   TumCP⇅, 1,   Wnt↓, 3,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

AP-1↓, 1,   E-cadherin↑, 5,   EMT↓, 5,   FAK↓, 1,   GIT1↓, 1,   KRAS↓, 1,   MMP13↓, 1,   MMP2↓, 3,   MMP7↓, 1,   MMP9↓, 4,   MMPs↓, 3,   MUC4↓, 1,   N-cadherin↓, 3,   talin↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 1,   TGF-β↑, 1,   TumCI↓, 8,   TumCMig↓, 2,   TumMeta↓, 5,   TumMeta↑, 1,   Vim↓, 3,   Zeb1↓, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 5,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↓, 6,   HIF-1↓, 3,   Hif1a↓, 14,   Hif1a↑, 1,   Hypoxia↑, 1,   NO↓, 1,   VEGF↓, 6,   VEGFR1↓, 1,   VM↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

GLUT1↓, 15,   GLUT1↑, 2,   GLUT1∅, 1,   GLUT2↓, 2,   GLUT3↑, 1,   GLUT3∅, 1,   GLUT4↓, 1,   MMP↓, 6,   MMP↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

CD4+↑, 2,   CD8+↑, 2,   COX2/PTGS2↓, 4,   COX2/PTGS2↑, 1,   FOXP3↓, 1,   HMGB1↓, 1,   ICAM-1↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 2,   IL6↓, 5,   IL6↑, 1,   IL8↓, 1,   Imm↑, 1,   Inflam↓, 5,   M1↓, 1,   M2 MC↓, 1,   MCP1/CCL2↓, 1,   MCT1↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 10,   p‑NF-kB↓, 1,   NK cell↑, 2,   NLRP3↓, 1,   p‑p65↓, 1,   PD-1↓, 1,   PD-L1↓, 2,   RAGE↑, 1,   T-Cell↑, 1,   Th1 response↑, 1,   TLR4↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 3,   TNF-α↑, 1,   Treg lymp↓, 2,  

Cellular Microenvironment(tgid=17) ⓘ

pH↓, 1,   e-pH↑, 1,   i-pH↓, 1,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

AGEs↑, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors(tgid=20) ⓘ

RANKL↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 2,   BioAv↑, 4,   BioAv↝, 4,   BioEnh?, 1,   ChemoSen↑, 12,   Dose↑, 1,   Dose↝, 9,   Dose∅, 3,   eff↓, 4,   eff↑, 12,   GSTZ1↓, 1,   Half-Life↓, 1,   P-gp/ABCB1↑, 1,   RadioS↑, 4,   RadioS↝, 1,   selectivity↑, 9,   Synergy↑, 19,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   AST↓, 1,   BG↓, 2,   EGFR↓, 2,   FOXM1↓, 1,   HER2/EBBR2↓, 1,   IL6↓, 5,   IL6↑, 1,   KRAS↓, 1,   LDH↓, 4,   LDH↑, 1,   Myc↓, 1,   PD-L1↓, 2,   RAGE↑, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 6,   AntiTum↑, 1,   chemoPv↑, 1,   ChemoSideEff↓, 2,   fatigue↓, 1,   neuroP↑, 2,   OS↑, 2,   QoL↑, 1,   radioP↑, 1,   Risk↓, 3,   toxicity↓, 3,   toxicity↑, 1,   toxicity↝, 3,   toxicity∅, 1,   TumVol↓, 4,   TumW↓, 2,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

GutMicro↑, 4,  
Total Targets: 348

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 4,   mt-antiOx↑, 1,   Catalase↑, 3,   GPx↑, 2,   GSH↑, 2,   GSTs↑, 1,   H2O2↓, 1,   HO-1↑, 1,   Iron↓, 1,   lipid-P↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 2,   ROS↓, 10,   ROS↑, 1,   mt-ROS↑, 1,   SOD↑, 3,   VitC↑, 1,   VitE↑, 1,  

Metal & Cofactor Biology(tgid=2) ⓘ

IronCh↑, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ADP:ATP↓, 1,   mitResp↑, 1,   OCR↑, 2,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

AMPK↑, 1,   ATP↑, 1,   ECAR↓, 3,   FAO↑, 1,   FASN↓, 1,   GlucoseCon↑, 1,   Glycolysis↓, 1,   lactateProd↓, 1,   LDHA↓, 1,   LDL↓, 1,   PGM1?, 1,   PKM2↓, 2,   PPP↓, 1,   Warburg↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

p38↓, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

p‑JNK↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 1,   PKA↑, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

AntiAg↑, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

Hif1a∅, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

BBB↑, 1,   MMP↓, 1,   MMP↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

COX2/PTGS2↓, 4,   HMGB1↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 2,   IL6↓, 2,   Inflam↓, 6,   NF-kB↓, 1,   PGE2↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 2,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

Aβ↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 1,   BioAv↝, 2,   BioEnh↑, 1,   Dose↝, 4,   eff↝, 1,   P450↑, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

BG↓, 1,   CRP↓, 1,   IL6↓, 2,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiAge↑, 2,   cardioP↑, 2,   CardioT↓, 1,   chemoP↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 1,   hepatoP↑, 3,   memory↑, 2,   motorD↓, 1,   neuroP↑, 4,   toxicity↓, 5,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

AntiFungal↑, 1,   Bacteria↓, 1,   GutMicro↑, 1,   Sepsis↓, 2,  
Total Targets: 76

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Warburg, Warburg Effect
6 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
5 Melatonin
5 Rosmarinic acid
4 Dichloroacetate
3 Butyrate
3 Curcumin
3 diet FMD Fasting Mimicking Diet
3 Methylene blue
3 Shikonin
2 Berberine
2 Capsaicin
2 Celastrol
2 Chemotherapy
2 Glabrescione B
2 Metformin
2 Resveratrol
2 Thymoquinone
2 Vitamin D3
1 3-bromopyruvate
1 5-Aminolevulinic acid
1 Artemisinin
1 Ashwagandha(Withaferin A)
1 Citric Acid
1 salinomycin
1 diet Short Term Fasting
1 EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate)
1 Piperine
1 Emodin
1 Fenbendazole
1 flavonoids
1 Germanium Organic/Ge-132 / propagermanium (organogermanium)
1 lambertianic acid
1 Matrine
1 Magnetic Fields
1 Methylglyoxal
1 Morin
1 Niclosamide (Niclocide)
1 Sulforaphane (mainly Broccoli)
1 Urolithin
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:%  Target#:947  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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