Description: <b>Hydrogen Gas</b>, Powerful Antioxidant <br>
Mechanistically, H₂ is most defensibly framed as a selective antioxidant + anti-inflammatory signaling modulator (often via Nrf2↑ and NF-κB↓ / NLRP3↓), with strongest clinical relevance in oncology being reduction of treatment toxicities (radiation/CCRT side-effects), with mixed/early evidence for direct anticancer effects. <br>
<br>
1.Antioxidant and Nrf2/ARE Pathway: activate Nrf2, which induces antioxidant enzymes. <br>
2.NF-κB Pathway: reported to inhibit NF-κB activation, thereby reducing inflammatory cytokine production <br>
3.Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway <br>
4.MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) Pathway <br>
5.PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway <br>
6.Inflammatory Cytokine Signaling: Reducing cytokines (such as IL-6, TNF-α) <br>
7.p53 Pathway <br>
8.Autophagy Pathways: might regulate autophagy, (dual roles in cancer) <br>
<br>
<a href="https://suiso-madoguchi.com/product/11/">Example unit sometimes used in studies</a><br>
<a href="https://qlifecanada.ca/">Example Canadian Supplier</a><br>
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Hydrogen gas can be generated in small amount by hydrogenase of certain members of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota from unabsorbed carbohydrates in the intestine through degradation and metabolism, which then is partially diffused into blood flow and released and detected in exhaled breath, indicating its potential to serve as a biomarker.<br>
<br>
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&wNotes=on">Many studies</a>
have shown that H2 therapy can reduce oxidative stress. This, however, contradicts radiation therapy and chemotherapy, in which ROS are required to induce apoptosis and combat cancer. Yet many studies show
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&tsv=1171&wNotes=on">chemoprotective</a>
and
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&tsv=1185&wNotes=on">radioprotective</a>
and some even show
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&tsv=1106&wNotes=on">chemosentizing</a>
<br>
Nevertheless there are some papers claiming
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&&tsv=275&esv=2&exSp=open&wNotes=on"> ROS ↑</a>
for cancer cells<br>
<br>
Hydrogen Gas in Water is also used. <br>
- the amount of H2 dissolved in solutions is limited: up to 0.8 mM (1.6 mg/L) H2 can be dissolved in water under atmospheric pressure at room temperature<br>
<br>
<!-- Hydrogen Gas (H2) — Time-Scale Flagged Pathway Table (web-page ready) -->
<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>Rank</th>
<th>Pathway / Axis</th>
<th>Cancer / Tumor Context</th>
<th>Normal Tissue Context</th>
<th>TSF</th>
<th>Primary Effect</th>
<th>Notes / Interpretation</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Selective ROS/RNS buffering (•OH, ONOO− emphasis)</td>
<td>Oxidative damage tone ↓ (context-dependent)</td>
<td>Radiation/chemo oxidative injury ↓</td>
<td>P, R</td>
<td>Rapid cytoprotection</td>
<td>Landmark work proposes H2 selectively reduces highly reactive species (e.g., hydroxyl radical) rather than globally suppressing signaling ROS. Treat as "selective antioxidant" rather than broad ROS quencher.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>Nrf2 antioxidant response (Keap1/Nrf2; SOD/GPx/GSH systems)</td>
<td>Stress adaptation modulation (context-dependent)</td>
<td>Nrf2 ↑; endogenous antioxidant enzymes ↑</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Endogenous antioxidant upshift</td>
<td>Multiple reviews describe H2 as engaging Nrf2-linked programs and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity; direction in tumors is model-specific and should not be oversold as uniformly anti-tumor.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>NF-κB inflammatory transcription</td>
<td>Inflammatory/pro-survival transcription ↓ (context)</td>
<td>Inflammation ↓ (tissue protective)</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Anti-inflammatory signaling</td>
<td>Commonly reported downstream of redox modulation: reduced NF-κB activity and reduced inflammatory cytokine outputs.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>NLRP3 inflammasome (priming/activation)</td>
<td>Inflammasome signaling ↓ (context)</td>
<td>NLRP3 activation ↓; tissue injury signaling ↓</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Inflammasome dampening</td>
<td>Often described as part of an antioxidant–anti-inflammatory synergy (Nrf2↑ with NF-κB/NLRP3↓). Use "reported" language.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>Mitochondrial protection / mitochondrial ROS</td>
<td>Mito-stress tone ↓ (context)</td>
<td>Mitochondrial function preserved; oxidative injury ↓</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Bioenergetic stabilization</td>
<td>Frequently reported as reduced mitochondrial oxidative injury and improved cellular resilience in injury/inflammation models.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>Radiation/CCRT toxicity mitigation (clinical relevance)</td>
<td>Adjunct use: may reduce acute radiation toxicities without obvious loss of tumor control (early evidence)</td>
<td>Mucositis/dermatitis/inflammation severity ↓ (reported)</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Supportive care</td>
<td>Clinical studies report feasibility/safety and reduced radiotherapy-related toxicities in selected settings; treat as supportive/adjunct, not standalone anti-cancer therapy.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td>Apoptosis / proliferation control</td>
<td>Mixed reports: apoptosis ↑ or neutral depending on model</td>
<td>Often anti-apoptotic in injury models</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Context-dependent cell fate shift</td>
<td>Unlike classic cytotoxins, H2 effects on apoptosis/proliferation are not uniform; keep as model-dependent and secondary.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td>Clinical safety signal (inhalation studies)</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Generally well tolerated at low concentrations in studied settings</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Translation constraint / safety framing</td>
<td>Human safety studies exist for low-concentration inhalation; practical use must be medical-grade and safety-controlled due to flammability risk.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Time-Scale Flag (TSF):</b> P / R / G</p>
<ul>
<li><b>P</b>: 0–30 min (direct chemical/rapid signaling effects)</li>
<li><b>R</b>: 30 min–3 hr (acute redox + inflammatory signaling shifts)</li>
<li><b>G</b>: >3 hr (gene-regulatory adaptation and phenotype-level outcomes)</li>
</ul>