tbResList Print — H2 Hydrogen Gas

Filters: qv=295, qv2=%, rfv=%

Product

H2 Hydrogen Gas
Description: <b>Hydrogen Gas</b>, Powerful Antioxidant <br>
Mechanistically, H₂ is most defensibly framed as a selective antioxidant + anti-inflammatory signaling modulator (often via Nrf2↑ and NF-κB↓ / NLRP3↓), with strongest clinical relevance in oncology being reduction of treatment toxicities (radiation/CCRT side-effects), with mixed/early evidence for direct anticancer effects. <br>
<br>
1.Antioxidant and Nrf2/ARE Pathway: activate Nrf2, which induces antioxidant enzymes. <br>
2.NF-κB Pathway: reported to inhibit NF-κB activation, thereby reducing inflammatory cytokine production <br>
3.Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway <br>
4.MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) Pathway <br>
5.PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway <br>
6.Inflammatory Cytokine Signaling: Reducing cytokines (such as IL-6, TNF-α) <br>
7.p53 Pathway <br>
8.Autophagy Pathways: might regulate autophagy, (dual roles in cancer) <br>
<br>
<a href="https://suiso-madoguchi.com/product/11/">Example unit sometimes used in studies</a><br>
<a href="https://qlifecanada.ca/">Example Canadian Supplier</a><br>
<br>
Hydrogen gas can be generated in small amount by hydrogenase of certain members of the human gastrointestinal tract microbiota from unabsorbed carbohydrates in the intestine through degradation and metabolism, which then is partially diffused into blood flow and released and detected in exhaled breath, indicating its potential to serve as a biomarker.<br>
<br>
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&wNotes=on">Many studies</a>
have shown that H2 therapy can reduce oxidative stress. This, however, contradicts radiation therapy and chemotherapy, in which ROS are required to induce apoptosis and combat cancer. Yet many studies show
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&tsv=1171&wNotes=on">chemoprotective</a>
and
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&tsv=1185&wNotes=on">radioprotective</a>
and some even show
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&tsv=1106&wNotes=on">chemosentizing</a>
<br>
Nevertheless there are some papers claiming
<a href="tbResList.php?qv=295&&tsv=275&esv=2&exSp=open&wNotes=on"> ROS ↑</a>
for cancer cells<br>
<br>
Hydrogen Gas in Water is also used. <br>
- the amount of H2 dissolved in solutions is limited: up to 0.8 mM (1.6 mg/L) H2 can be dissolved in water under atmospheric pressure at room temperature<br>
<br>

<br>
<p><b>Hydrogen Gas</b> — molecular hydrogen (H₂) is a small, neutral diatomic gas investigated as a therapeutic medical gas and redox-signaling modulator. It rapidly diffuses across biological membranes and can be administered by inhalation or indirectly as hydrogen-rich water (HRW), hydrogen-rich saline, or hydrogen-releasing materials. H₂ is best classified as an experimental therapeutic gas rather than a conventional antioxidant drug. Standard abbreviations are H₂ for molecular hydrogen and HRW for hydrogen-rich water. Endogenous H₂ is also produced by intestinal microbial fermentation. Its biological effects appear to involve modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial function, cell-death signaling, and immune metabolism rather than indiscriminate ROS scavenging alone.</p>

<p><b>Primary mechanisms (ranked):</b></p>
<ol>
<li>Redox modulation and selective suppression of highly damaging oxidative/nitrosative stress, with secondary NRF2-dependent antioxidant adaptation.</li>
<li>Suppression of inflammatory signaling, particularly NF-κB and associated cytokine pathways.</li>
<li>Mitochondrial and metabolic modulation, including preservation or remodeling of mitochondrial bioenergetics and PGC-1α-linked signaling.</li>
<li>Immune modulation, including reported restoration of metabolically exhausted CD8+ T-cell function in cancer.</li>
<li>Context-dependent regulation of tumor-cell ROS, apoptosis, pyroptosis, differentiation, proliferation, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.</li>
<li>Protection of normal tissues from chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-associated oxidative and inflammatory injury.</li>
</ol>

<p><b>Bioavailability / PK relevance:</b> H₂ has unusually rapid tissue diffusion because of its very small, nonpolar structure, but tissue exposure is transient because hydrogen is rapidly redistributed and exhaled. Inhalation provides continuing systemic exposure during administration, whereas HRW delivers a comparatively small finite H₂ dose that falls rapidly after preparation and ingestion. At approximately atmospheric pressure and room temperature, water saturation is only about 1.6 mg/L H₂, approximately 0.8 mmol/L. Biological efficacy therefore depends strongly on route, concentration, treatment duration, and proximity of H₂ generation to the target tissue.</p>

<p><b>In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance:</b> H₂ does not behave like a conventional concentration-maintained small-molecule drug. Gas-equilibrated cell culture can provide sustained H₂ exposure that is difficult to reproduce with a single oral dose of HRW. Conversely, inhalation can continuously replenish dissolved H₂ during treatment. Results from prolonged gas-equilibrated cultures, high-pressure systems, or locally generated H₂ nanomaterials should therefore not automatically be extrapolated to ordinary hydrogen-water exposure.</p>

<p><b>Clinical evidence status:</b> Small human studies and randomized adjunctive trials exist, but H₂ is not an established anticancer therapy. The most credible oncology application currently is supportive treatment during chemotherapy or radiotherapy. A 2025 randomized study in cervical-cancer patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy reported reduced acute radiation enteritis and inflammatory responses with adjunctive H₂/O₂ inhalation without an apparent reduction in tumor-control efficacy. Direct antitumor evidence remains predominantly preclinical, observational, or derived from small uncontrolled cancer cohorts. Trials of HRW during glioma radiochemotherapy and other indications remain exploratory. H₂ should therefore be classified as experimental adjunct/supportive therapy rather than standalone cancer treatment.</p>





<h3>Hydrogen Gas Cancer-Relevant Mechanisms</h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>Rank</th>
<th>Pathway / Axis</th>
<th>Cancer Cells</th>
<th>Normal Cells</th>
<th>TSF</th>
<th>Primary Effect</th>
<th>Notes / Interpretation</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Redox and reactive oxygen species regulation</td>
<td>ROS ↑ or ↓ (model-dependent)</td>
<td>Excess ROS ↓; oxidative damage ↓</td>
<td>P, R</td>
<td>Redox modulation</td>
<td>H₂ should not be treated as a simple universal ROS scavenger. Normal-tissue studies predominantly show reduced oxidative injury, whereas some tumor models paradoxically show ROS ↑ and ROS-dependent tumor cell death.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>NRF2 antioxidant stress response</td>
<td>NRF2 ↔ or ↑ (context-dependent)</td>
<td>NRF2 ↑; HO-1 ↑; SOD ↑; GSH-associated defenses ↑</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Adaptive antioxidant signaling</td>
<td>NRF2 activation is mechanistically important mainly for cytoprotection and stress adaptation rather than as a consistent direct anticancer mechanism.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>NF-κB inflammatory signaling</td>
<td>NF-κB ↓ (context-dependent)</td>
<td>NF-κB ↓; inflammatory injury ↓</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Anti-inflammatory signaling</td>
<td>Frequently accompanied by IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓ and IL-1β ↓. This pathway is particularly relevant to normal-tissue protection during inflammatory injury and cancer therapy.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>Mitochondrial bioenergetics and PGC-1α</td>
<td>Mitochondrial function ↑ in exhausted immune cells; tumor response model-dependent</td>
<td>Mitochondrial damage ↓; ATP homeostasis ↑</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Bioenergetic remodeling</td>
<td>H₂ can improve mitochondrial resilience. In cancer, an important proposed mechanism is metabolic restoration of exhausted antitumor lymphocytes rather than direct mitochondrial poisoning of tumor cells.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>CD8 T-cell exhaustion and antitumor immunity</td>
<td>Indirect tumor suppression ↑</td>
<td>CD8+ T-cell metabolic fitness ↑</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Immune restoration</td>
<td>Clinical observations in colorectal and lung cancer suggest restoration of exhausted CD8+ T-cell function, including mitochondrial and CoQ10-associated effects. Evidence remains preliminary.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>PI3K Akt mTOR proliferative signaling</td>
<td>PI3K ↓; p-Akt ↓; mTOR signaling ↓ (model-dependent)</td>
<td>↔ or context-dependent</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Growth suppression</td>
<td>Reported particularly in experimental colorectal-cancer models. This is not yet established as a reproducible systemic mechanism in patients.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td>NLRP3 caspase-1 GSDMD pyroptosis</td>
<td>ROS ↑; NLRP3 ↑; caspase-1 ↑; GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis ↑ (model-dependent)</td>
<td>NLRP3 commonly ↓ during inflammatory injury</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Context-dependent inflammatory cell death</td>
<td>An important example of opposite modulation by biological context. H₂ induced ROS-dependent NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in an endometrial-cancer model, whereas normal-tissue inflammatory models commonly show NLRP3 suppression.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td>Tumor proliferation and differentiation</td>
<td>Proliferation ↓; differentiation ↑ (model-dependent)</td>
<td>Generally ↔</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Tumor phenotype modulation</td>
<td>Glioblastoma models report differentiation of glioma stem-like cells and reduced tumor growth. Generalization to other cancers is uncertain.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td>Angiogenesis and hypoxic signaling</td>
<td>HIF-1α ↓; VEGF ↓ (model-dependent)</td>
<td>VEGF responses mixed</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Angiogenic suppression</td>
<td>Preclinical evidence suggests inhibition in selected tumor models but does not establish a general antiangiogenic clinical effect.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td>Glycolytic metabolism</td>
<td>HK2 ↓; PFK ↓; glycolysis ↓; lactate production ↓ (model-dependent)</td>
<td>↔ or context-dependent</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Metabolic growth restriction</td>
<td>Reported in selected experimental cancer systems and should remain secondary until replicated across models.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td>Chemosensitization</td>
<td>Therapeutic response ↑ in selected models</td>
<td>Chemotherapy-associated organ injury ↓</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Adjunctive treatment modulation</td>
<td>H₂ has produced both chemoprotective normal-tissue effects and occasional tumor chemosensitization. Protection of normal tissues should not be interpreted as established protection of tumors.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td>Radiotherapy tissue protection</td>
<td>Tumor control apparently ↔ in limited human data</td>
<td>Radiation-associated oxidative and inflammatory injury ↓</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Supportive radioprotection</td>
<td>A randomized cervical-cancer study reported reduced acute radiation enteritis during chemoradiotherapy without evidence of compromised short-term antitumor efficacy. Larger confirmation is required.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td>Clinical Translation Constraint</td>
<td>Direct anticancer efficacy unproven</td>
<td>Generally well tolerated in studied protocols</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Exposure and evidence limitation</td>
<td>H₂ exposure varies substantially with inhaled concentration, flow, duration, HRW concentration, storage, and delivery technology. Gas mixtures containing high H₂ concentrations require engineered control because hydrogen is flammable and explosive in air. No standardized oncology dose or approved anticancer indication exists.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>P: 0–30 min &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; R: 30 min–3 hr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; G: &gt;3 hr</p>






<br><br>
<p><b>Hydrogen Gas and Alzheimer’s disease:</b> Molecular hydrogen has substantial preclinical neuroprotective evidence and limited early human evidence in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Proposed mechanisms include oxidative-stress suppression, neuroinflammation reduction, mitochondrial protection, BDNF-related signaling, and reductions in Aβ/BACE-associated pathology and tau phosphorylation. H₂ readily diffuses into the CNS, making delivery biologically plausible, but clinical evidence remains insufficient to classify it as a disease-modifying AD treatment.</p>

<p><b>Clinical evidence status:</b> Preclinical evidence is extensive relative to the small clinical literature. Human studies include an open-label inhalation pilot in AD, a single-arm biomarker study, and a randomized hydrogen-rich-water study in mild cognitive impairment. Reported cognitive or biomarker improvements are hypothesis-generating; adequately powered randomized trials with validated AD endpoints are still needed.</p>


<h3>Hydrogen Gas Alzheimer-Relevant Mechanisms</h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>Rank</th>
<th>Pathway / Axis</th>
<th>Modulation</th>
<th>TSF</th>
<th>Primary Effect</th>
<th>Notes / Interpretation</th>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Oxidative and mitochondrial stress</td>
<td>ROS ↓; lipid oxidation ↓; mitochondrial damage ↓</td>
<td>P, R</td>
<td>Neuroprotection</td>
<td>One of the most consistently reproduced effects in experimental neurodegeneration models.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>Neuroinflammatory signaling</td>
<td>NF-κB ↓; IL-1β ↓; IL-6 ↓; TNF-α ↓</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Neuroinflammation suppression</td>
<td>Likely interconnected with redox and glial responses.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>NRF2 antioxidant response</td>
<td>NRF2 ↑; HO-1 ↑; endogenous antioxidant defenses ↑</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Cellular stress resistance</td>
<td>Secondary adaptive mechanism rather than simple chemical radical scavenging.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>Amyloid beta and BACE signaling</td>
<td>Aβ ↓; BACE-associated processing ↓ (model-dependent)</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Amyloid pathology reduction</td>
<td>Demonstrated mainly in experimental models; human disease-modifying evidence is not established.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>Tau phosphorylation</td>
<td>p-tau ↓ (model-dependent)</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Tau pathology attenuation</td>
<td>Supported primarily by animal and experimental hydrogen-delivery studies.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td>BDNF and neuronal plasticity</td>
<td>BDNF ↑; neuronal plasticity ↑</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Cognitive and synaptic support</td>
<td>Reported across several neurologic injury models and investigated as a biomarker in human inhalation studies.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td>NLRP3 inflammasome</td>
<td>NLRP3 ↓</td>
<td>R, G</td>
<td>Microglial inflammatory suppression</td>
<td>Potential connection between oxidative stress, innate immune activation, and neurodegeneration.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td>Cognition and memory</td>
<td>Memory ↑; cognitive performance ↑ (model-dependent)</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Functional outcome</td>
<td>Robust in several animal paradigms but human trials remain small and heterogeneous.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td>Clinical Translation Constraint</td>
<td>Evidence insufficient for established AD treatment</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Clinical evidence limitation</td>
<td>Existing human studies are small, often uncontrolled, or use surrogate endpoints. Optimal concentration, inhalation duration, treatment schedule, and long-term efficacy remain unresolved.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>P: 0–30 min &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; R: 30 min–3 hr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; G: &gt;3 hr</p>

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells

NA, unassigned(tgid=0) ⓘ

BHB↑, 1,   CD47↓, 1,   HMGCS2↑, 1,   miR-124-3p↓, 1,   NLR↓, 1,   PFS↑, 1,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 1,   CoQ10↑, 1,   H2O2↑, 1,   OXPHOS↑, 1,   ROS↑, 8,   ROS↓, 5,   mt-ROS↑, 2,   mt-ROS↓, 1,   SOD↑, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↑, 1,   PGC-1α↑, 4,   XIAP↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   Glycolysis↓, 1,   HK2↓, 1,   lactateProd↓, 1,   PFK↓, 1,   SCD1↓, 1,   SIRT1↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Apoptosis↓, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 2,   Casp3↑, 1,   GSDMD↑, 2,   IAP2/BIRC3↓, 1,   Pyro↑, 2,   TumCD↑, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

p‑Akt↓, 1,   Akt↓, 2,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

EZH2↓, 1,   other↝, 9,   other?, 1,   other↑, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

mt-UPR↑, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

TumAuto↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

P53?, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

CDK4↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

CD133↓, 1,   Diff↑, 1,   EP2↓, 1,   p‑PI3K↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 1,   TumCG↓, 4,   Wnt↓, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

CEA↓, 1,   Ki-67↓, 2,   MALAT1↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 2,   TumCMig↓, 2,   TumCP↓, 4,   TumMeta↓, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↓, 1,   Hif1a↓, 3,   VEGF↓, 2,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

BBB↑, 2,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

CD4+↑, 1,   COX2/PTGS2↓, 1,   CRP↓, 1,   HMGB1↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 1,   IL1β↑, 1,   IL6↓, 3,   IL8↑, 1,   Imm↑, 1,   Inflam↑, 1,   Inflam↓, 2,   NF-kB↓, 2,   NK cell↑, 1,   PDT+↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 1,   TNF-α↑, 1,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

NLRP3↑, 2,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors(tgid=20) ⓘ

CDK6↑, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

ChemoSen↑, 6,   Dose↝, 14,   Dose↑, 1,   eff↝, 6,   eff↑, 10,   eff↓, 1,   eff∅, 1,   selectivity↑, 8,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AST↓, 1,   CA125↓, 1,   CEA↓, 1,   CRP↓, 1,   CYFRA21-1↓, 1,   EZH2↓, 1,   GutMicro↑, 2,   IL6↓, 3,   Ki-67↓, 2,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 2,   AntiTum↑, 3,   AntiTum∅, 1,   Appetite↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 1,   chemoP↑, 10,   cognitive↑, 1,   hepatoP↑, 1,   neuroP↓, 1,   neuroP↑, 1,   NP/CIPN↓, 1,   OS↑, 8,   OS↓, 1,   Pain↓, 1,   QoL↑, 5,   radioP↑, 8,   RenoP↑, 1,   Sleep↑, 1,   toxicity∅, 1,   TumVol↓, 5,   TumVol↑, 1,   TumW↓, 2,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

CD8+↑, 4,  
Total Targets: 120

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells

NA, unassigned(tgid=0) ⓘ

Airway↓, 3,   AirwayM↓, 3,   BALF-Infl↓, 3,   BALF-Lym↓, 1,   CCL11↓, 1,   compII↑, 1,   CXCL15↓, 1,   Eos↓, 3,   p‑FcεRI↓, 1,   GFAP↓, 1,   IgE↓, 4,   IL13↓, 5,   IL1RL1/ST2↓, 1,   ILC2↓, 1,   MUC5AC↓, 1,   NA↝, 1,   NLR↓, 1,   SpO2↑, 1,   Stress↓, 1,   Stroke↓, 3,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

4-HNE↓, 1,   antiOx↑, 28,   antiOx↓, 1,   Catalase↑, 11,   Catalase↓, 1,   Fenton↓, 1,   Ferroptosis↓, 1,   GPx↑, 5,   GPx↓, 1,   GPx1↑, 1,   GSH↑, 2,   H2O2↓, 2,   HDL↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 8,   HO-1↓, 1,   lipid-P↓, 3,   MDA↓, 11,   MDA↑, 1,   MFN2↑, 1,   MPO↑, 1,   MPO↓, 3,   NOX4↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 13,   RNS↓, 1,   ROS↓, 38,   mt-ROS↓, 1,   SIRT3↑, 1,   SOD↑, 13,   SOD1↑, 1,   TAC↑, 1,   TBARS↓, 2,   uricA↓, 1,   VitE↓, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↑, 3,   compIII↑, 1,   EGF↑, 1,   MMP↑, 2,   mtDam↓, 2,   PGC-1α↑, 2,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AMPK↑, 5,   BUN↓, 2,   CREB↑, 1,   FAO↓, 1,   KeyT↝, 1,   LDL↓, 3,   NADPH↓, 6,   PPARα↑, 1,   SIRT1↑, 5,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Apoptosis↓, 6,   ASK1↓, 1,   BAX↓, 1,   Bax:Bcl2↓, 1,   Bcl-2↑, 2,   Bcl-xL↑, 1,   Casp12↓, 2,   Casp3↓, 3,   cl‑Casp8↑, 1,   Casp9↓, 2,   Ferroptosis↓, 1,   GranB/GZMB↓, 1,   JNK↓, 2,   p‑JNK↓, 1,   p38↓, 2,   p‑p38↓, 2,   TUNEL↓, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

Akt↓, 1,   Akt↑, 2,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

other↓, 1,   other↝, 1,   other↑, 4,   tumCV↓, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

CHOP/DDIT3↓, 2,   p‑eIF2α↓, 1,   ER Stress↓, 3,   GRP78/BiP↓, 2,   XBP-1↓, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

Beclin-1/ATG6↑, 1,   LC3‑Ⅱ/LC3‑Ⅰ↑, 2,   p62↓, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↓, 2,   DNMT1↓, 1,   DNMT3A↓, 1,   γH2AX↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

EMT↓, 1,   ERK↑, 1,   FOXO↑, 1,   FOXO3↑, 4,   mTOR↓, 3,   p‑mTOR↓, 2,   PI3K↑, 2,   PTEN↓, 1,   STAT3↑, 1,   Wnt↓, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

AntiAg↑, 6,   APP↓, 3,   Ca+2↓, 2,   COL1↓, 1,   COL3A1↓, 1,   E-cadherin↑, 2,   NFAT↓, 1,   TGF-β↑, 1,   TGF-β1↑, 1,   Treg lymp↝, 1,   TumCI↓, 1,   TumCMig↓, 1,   TumCP↓, 1,   Vim↓, 1,   ZO-1↑, 1,   α-SMA↓, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

ATF4↓, 1,   NO↓, 5,   NO↑, 1,   VEGF↑, 2,   VEGF↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

BBB?, 1,   BBB↑, 7,   GastroP↑, 1,   IBI↑, 2,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

CD25+↑, 1,   CD4+↑, 3,   FOXP3↑, 1,   GM-CSF↓, 1,   HMGB1↓, 2,   IFN-γ↓, 2,   IL10↓, 2,   IL10↑, 3,   IL1β↓, 8,   IL2↓, 2,   IL33↓, 1,   IL4↓, 8,   IL4↑, 1,   IL5↓, 4,   IL6↓, 16,   IL8↓, 2,   Imm↑, 1,   Inflam↓, 39,   Inflam↑, 1,   JAK2↑, 1,   LPS↓, 2,   M2 MC↑, 1,   MCP1/CCL2↓, 3,   Neut↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 11,   PGE2↓, 1,   Th2↓, 1,   TLR4↓, 2,   TNF-α↓, 19,  

Cellular Microenvironment(tgid=17) ⓘ

NOX↓, 1,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission(tgid=18) ⓘ

BDNF↑, 10,   GABA↓, 2,   p‑tau↓, 4,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

Aβ↓, 7,   BACE/β-secretase↓, 3,   NLRP3↓, 9,   NLRP3↑, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors(tgid=20) ⓘ

BNP↓, 1,   ER(estro)↓, 1,   ER(estro)↑, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↝, 2,   Dose↝, 20,   Dose↑, 2,   Dose↓, 2,   Dose?, 1,   eff↑, 4,   Half-Life↓, 1,   selectivity↑, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AST↓, 3,   BG↓, 1,   BMD↑, 1,   BP∅, 1,   creat↓, 4,   GutMicro↑, 4,   IL6↓, 16,   Urea↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiAge↑, 1,   AntiDiabetic↑, 1,   antiPs↑, 1,   AntiTum↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 5,   chemoP↑, 3,   cognitive↑, 20,   hepatoP↑, 7,   memory↑, 10,   motorD↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 15,   Obesity↓, 2,   OS↑, 5,   QoL↑, 1,   radioP↑, 1,   RenoP↑, 4,   toxicity∅, 2,   toxicity↓, 8,   Weight↑, 1,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

CD8+↑, 1,   Sepsis↓, 7,  
Total Targets: 218

Research papers

Year Title Authors PMID Link Flag
2026Hydrogen-generating silicon-based agent is effective in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic bronchial asthmaHonoka Takeuchi—https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S23194170260007390
2025Hydrogen Gas Attenuates Toxic Metabolites and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Signaling to Inhibit Neurodegeneration and Enhance Memory in Alzheimer's Disease ModelsSofian Abdul-NasirPMC12295766https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12295766/0
2025Hydrogen Gas Attenuates Toxic Metabolites and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Signaling to Inhibit Neurodegeneration and Enhance Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease ModelsSofian Abdul-Nasir—https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393858450_Hydrogen_Gas_Attenuates_Toxic_Metabolites_and_Oxidative_Stress-Mediated_Signaling_to_Inhibit_Neurodegeneration_and_Enhance_Memory_in_Alzheimer%27s_Disease_Models0
2025Role and mechanism of molecular hydrogen in the treatment of Parkinson’s diseasesFengjiao WangPMC12055789https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12055789/0
2025Therapeutic potential of hydrogen-rich water in zebrafish model of Alzheimer’s disease: targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and the gut-brain axisJiaxuan HePMC11746902https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11746902/0
2025Clinical Efficacy of Hydrogen Therapy on Acute Radiation Enteritis and Inflammatory Response in Patients with Cervical Cancer Undergoing Concurrent Chemoradiation TherapyBo LiuPMC12466126https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12466126/0
2025Molecular Hydrogen Therapy: Mechanisms, Delivery Methods, Preventive, and Therapeutic ApplicationJiayi Jin—https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12035766/0
2025Molecular hydrogen attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by modulating β-hydroxybutyrate metabolismYan TianPMC12289799https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12289799/0
2025Molecular hydrogen inhibits neuroinflammation and ameliorates depressive-like behaviors and short-term cognitive impairment in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 miceKeiichi Nakagawa39522774https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39522774/0
2025A comprehensive review of molecular hydrogen as a novel nutrition therapy in relieving oxidative stress and diseases: Mechanisms and perspectivesFatmanur YıldızPMC11795818https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11795818/0
2025Molecular hydrogen therapy: A "democratic" emerging strategy against aging and age-related diseasesGiovanni Brandi40518021https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40518021/0
2025Long-term administration of hydrogen-rich water enhances quality of life in diabetic rats and reduces renal neoplasm incidence through modulation of inflammatory and metabolic pathwaysQijie ChenPMC12271932https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12271932/0
2025Molecular Hydrogen in the Treatment of Respiratory DiseasesDominika ZajacPMC12072089https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12072089/0
2025Hydrogen inhalation ameliorates lung inflammation in mice with asthmaHongchang LiPMC12560338https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12560338/0
2025Transdermal hydrogen therapy for psoriasis using cavity-embedded double-conical microneedlesDan Dan Zhu41083007https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083007/0
2024Hydrogen Therapy Reverses Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Phenotypes and Remodels Stromal Microenvironment to Stimulate Systematic Anti-Tumor ImmunityXiaoyan Meng—https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.2024012690
2024Hydrogen: an advanced and safest gas option for cancer treatmentNishant Gupta—https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386566067_Hydrogen_an_advanced_and_safest_gas_option_for_cancer_treatment0
2024Hydrogen Gas Inhalation Alleviates Airway Inflammation and Oxidative Stress on Ovalbumin-Induced Asthmatic BALB/c Mouse ModelWenjing HePMC11591407https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11591407/0
2024Oxyhydrogen Gas: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Lung, Breast and Colorectal CancerGrace Russell—https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9801/4/3/200
2024Hydrogen-rich water alleviates asthma airway inflammation by modulating tryptophan metabolism and activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor via gut microbiota regulationLi Li—https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S08915849240059630
2024Prospects of molecular hydrogen in cancer prevention and treatmentWenchang Zhou—https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-024-05685-70
2024Effects of hydrogen-rich water on blood uric acid in patients with hyperuricemia: A randomized placebo-controlled trialFenglin WuPMC11385766https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11385766/0
2024Molecular Hydrogen Protects against Various Tissue Injuries from Side Effects of Anticancer Drugs by Reducing Oxidative Stress and InflammationShin-ichi HiranoPMC11274581https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274581/0
2024A biomimetic upconversion nanoreactors for near-infrared driven H2 release to inhibit tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease therapyQin ZhangPMC11402069https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11402069/0
2024The Benefit of Hydrogen Gas as an Adjunctive Therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseShih-Feng LiuPMC10890181https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10890181/0
2023Effects of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Community-Dwelling Adults of Various Ages: A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Prospective Clinical TrialMd Habibur RahmanPMC10295751https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10295751/0
2023The role of hydrogen therapy in Alzheimer's disease management: Insights into mechanisms, administration routes, and future challengesJiaxuan He—https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S07533322230160500
2023Therapeutic Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas for Alzheimer’s Disease Patients and Subsequent Long-Term Follow-Up as a Disease-Modifying Treatment: An Open Label Pilot StudyHirohisa Ono—https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10057981/0
2023Therapeutic Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas for Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Subsequent Long-Term Follow-Up as a Disease-Modifying Treatment: An Open Label Pilot StudyHirohisa OnoPMC10057981https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10057981/0
2023Hydrogen and Vitamin C Combination Therapy: A Novel Method of RadioprotectionMichiko Miyakawa—https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202312.1369/v10
2023A Systematic Review of Molecular Hydrogen Therapy in Cancer ManagementMuhammad Nooraiman Zufayri Mohd NoorPMC10152878https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10152878/0
2022Molecular hydrogen is a promising therapeutic agent for pulmonary diseaseZhiling FUPMC8861563https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8861563/0
2022Molecular Hydrogen: an Emerging Therapeutic Medical Gas for Brain DisordersChongyun Wu36567361https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36567361/0
2022PPARα contributes to the therapeutic effect of hydrogen gas against sepsis-associated encephalopathy with the regulation to the CREB-BDNF signaling pathway and hippocampal neuron plasticity-related gene expressionYuanyuan Bai35367313https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35367313/0
2022Molecular hydrogen therapy for neurological diseases: a review of current evidenceDinesh RamanathanPMC9979207https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9979207/0
2022Molecular Hydrogen Enhances Proliferation of Cancer Cells That Exhibit Potent Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein ResponseTomoya Hasegawa—https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/5/28880
2022Molecular Hydrogen Neuroprotection in Post-Ischemic Neurodegeneration in the Form of Alzheimer’s Disease Proteinopathy: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential for Clinical Implementation—Fantasy or Reality?Ryszard Pluta—https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/12/65910
2022Role of Molecular Hydrogen in Ageing and Ageing-Related DiseasesZhiling FuPMC8956398https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8956398/0
2022Guidelines for the selection of hydrogen gas inhalers based on hydrogen explosion accidentsYusuke IchikawaPMC9555030https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9555030/0
2022Long-Term Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas for Patients with Advanced Alzheimer's Disease: A Case Report Showing Improvement in Fecal IncontinenceHirohisa Ono—https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/download/2951/193546231/0
2021The Impact of Molecular Hydrogen on Mitochondrial ROS and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer CellsYi-Hsuan Tsai—https://www.cell.com/biophysj/fulltext/S0006-3495(20)33076-90
2021Molecular hydrogen alleviates asthma through inhibiting IL-33/ILC2 axisJingxi Zhang33852061https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33852061/0
2021Therapeutic Effects of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Trimethyltin-Induced Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Impairment in the C57BL/6 Mice ModelEun-Sook JeongPMC8703468https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8703468/0
2021Hydrogen, a Novel Therapeutic Molecule, Regulates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and ApoptosisYan Tian—https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.789507/full0
2021Hydrogen gas alleviates sepsis-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment through regulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3a-mediated BDNF promoter IV methylation in miceMingdong Yu—https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S15675769210021980
2020Hydrogen gas activates coenzyme Q10 to restore exhausted CD8+ T cells, especially PD-1+Tim3+terminal CD8+ T cells, leading to better nivolumab outcomes in patients with lung cancerJunji AkagiPMC7509685https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7509685/0
2020Hydrogen gas (XEN) inhalation ameliorates airway inflammation in asthma and COPD patientsS -T WangPMC7785302https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7785302/0
2020Hydrogen inhibits endometrial cancer growth via a ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptotic pathwayYe YangPMC6954594https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6954594/0
2020Hydrogen Attenuates Allergic Inflammation by Reversing Energy Metabolic Pathway SwitchYinghao NiuPMC7005324https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7005324/0
2020Hydrogen: A Novel Option in Human Disease TreatmentMengling Yang—https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/83847420
2019The role of hydrogen in Alzheimer's diseaseXin TanPMC6352568https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6352568/ 0
2019Brain Metastases Completely Disappear in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Hydrogen Gas Inhalation: A Case ReportJibing ChenPMC6927257https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6927257/0
2019Hydrogen gas restores exhausted CD8+ T cells in patients with advanced colorectal cancer to improve prognosisJunji Akagi30542740https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30542740/0
2019Hydrogen protects against chronic intermittent hypoxia induced renal dysfunction by promoting autophagy and alleviating apoptosisPeng Guan30951745https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30951745/0
2019Hydrogen gas inhalation enhances alveolar macrophage phagocytosis in an ovalbumin-induced asthma modelPeikai Huang31200337https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31200337/0
2019Molecular hydrogen suppresses glioblastoma growth via inducing the glioma stem-like cell differentiationMeng-yu LiuPMC6528353https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6528353/0
2019Recent Advances in Studies of Molecular Hydrogen against SepsisPeng Qiu—https://www.ijbs.com/v15p1261.htm0
2019Hydrogen Gas in Cancer TreatmentSai LiPMC6691140https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6691140/0
2019Medical Application of Hydrogen in Hematological DiseasesLiren QianPMC6906850https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6906850/0
2019Inhibitory effects of hydrogen on in vitro platelet activation and in vivo prevention of thrombosis formationYun Wang—https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334699544_Inhibitory_effects_of_hydrogen_on_in_vitro_platelet_activation_and_in_vivo_prevention_of_thrombosis_formation0
2019The role of hydrogen in Alzheimer’s diseaseXin TanPMC6352568https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6352568/0
2018Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen inhalation in an experimental rat intracerebral hemorrhage modelKyu-Sun Choi—https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S036192301730566X0
2018Local generation of hydrogen for enhanced photothermal therapyPenghe ZhaoPMC6185976https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6185976/0
2018The healing effect of hydrogen-rich water on acute radiation-induced skin injury in ratsPing ZhouPMC6373674https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6373674/0
2018Effects of Molecular Hydrogen Assessed by an Animal Model and a Randomized Clinical Study on Mild Cognitive ImpairmentKiyomi NishimakiPMC5872374https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5872374/0
2018The role of hydrogen in Alzheimer′s diseaseXin Ying Tan—https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329838678_The_role_of_hydrogen_in_Alzheimer's_disease0
2018Molecular Hydrogen as an Emerging Candidate for Preventing Alzheimer’s DiseaseShigeo Ohta—https://www.bioaccent.org/Alzheimers/Article/alzheimers-neurological-003.pdf0
2018Inhalation of hydrogen gas attenuates airway inflammation and oxidative stress in allergic asthmatic miceNing ZhangPMC5856384https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5856384/0
2017Influence of hydrogen-occluding-silica on migration and apoptosis in human esophageal cells in vitroQiang LiPMC5510297https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5510297/0
2017Protective effect of hydrogen-rich water on liver function of colorectal cancer patients treated with mFOLFOX6 chemotherapyQingxi YangPMC5666661https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5666661/0
2016Hydrogen-Rich Saline Attenuates Cardiac and Hepatic Injury in Doxorubicin Rat Model by Inhibiting Inflammation and ApoptosisYunan GaoPMC5220484https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5220484/0
2016Molecular hydrogen suppresses activated Wnt/β-catenin signalingYingni LinPMC5001535https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5001535/0
2016Hydrogen therapy: from mechanism to cerebral diseasesCheng-lin LiuPMC5075683https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5075683/0
2015Improvement of psoriasis-associated arthritis and skin lesions by treatment with molecular hydrogen: A report of three casesToru Ishibashi25936373https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25936373/0
2013Hydrogen-rich saline reduces airway remodeling via inactivation of NF-κB in a murine model of asthmaM Xiao23661516https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23661516/0
2012Hydrogen May Inhibit Collagen-Induced Platelet Aggregation: An ex vivo and in vivo StudySatoru Takeuchi—https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/51/11/51_51.7161/_pdf0
2012Hydrogen may inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation: an ex vivo and in vivo studySatoru Takeuchi22687834https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22687834/0
2010Hydrogen-Rich Saline Protects Against Spinal Cord Injury in RatsChengwen Chen—https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11064-010-0162-y0
2009Molecular hydrogen suppresses FcepsilonRI-mediated signal transduction and prevents degranulation of mast cellsTomohiro Itoh19766097https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19766097/0
2007Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicalsIkuroh Ohsawa17486089https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17486089/0
2025Molecular hydrogen as a potential mediator of the antitumor effect of inulin consumptionVictor Pascal-MoussellardPMC11968927https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11968927/0
2020Oral Administration of Si-Based Agent Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model: A Novel Hydrogen Administration MethodMasataka KawamuraPMC7099649https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7099649/0