Description: <pre>Phenolic / Polyphenol Comparison Matrix including:
-Gallic acid (GA)
-Caffeic acid (CA)
-Ferulic acid (FA)
-Ellagic acid (EA)
-DHCA (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid variant class)
-HCAs (general hydroxycinnamic acids class)
-Rosmarinic acid
-Propolis (CAPE-rich context)
-Perilla (rosmarinic-rich context)
-Moringa
-Date fruit extract
True Phenolic Acids (GA, CA, FA, EA, DHCA, HCAs)
-Core identity: redox modulators
-Anti-inflammatory signature: NF-κB ↓
-Nrf2 activation common in normal tissue
-Tumor cytotoxicity usually requires ≥10–50 µM
-Bioavailability often limiting
Polyphenol-Rich Extracts (Propolis, Perilla, Moringa, Date)
-Effects depend on composition
-Strongest NF-κB inhibition: Propolis (CAPE)
-Strongest biphasic redox: Gallic, Caffeic
-Weakest direct tumor evidence: Date fruit extract
</pre>
Phenolic / Polyphenol Comparison Matrix<br>
(Cancer-Focused Mechanistic Orientation)<br>
<!-- Phenolic / Polyphenol Comparison Matrix (Tier Structured) -->
<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>Tier</th>
<th>Compound / Extract</th>
<th>Class</th>
<th>Redox Behavior</th>
<th>Nrf2 (Normal)</th>
<th>Nrf2 (Cancer)</th>
<th>NF-κB</th>
<th>PI3K/AKT</th>
<th>Apoptosis</th>
<th>Angiogenesis</th>
<th>Pro-Ox Threshold</th>
<th>Primary Limitation</th>
</tr>
<!-- TIER 1 -->
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 1</b><br>Strong Redox Cytotoxic</td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=82">Gallic Acid</a></td>
<td>Hydroxybenzoic acid</td>
<td>Biphasic</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Context</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↓ (reported)</td>
<td>↑ (ROS-mediated)</td>
<td>↓ (reported)</td>
<td>~50–100 µM</td>
<td>Rapid conjugation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 1</b></td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=51">Caffeic Acid</a></td>
<td>Hydroxycinnamic acid</td>
<td>Biphasic (Cu-sensitive)</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Context</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↓ (reported)</td>
<td>↑ (context)</td>
<td>↓ (reported)</td>
<td>Metal-dependent</td>
<td>Low systemic free levels</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 1</b></td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=137">Propolis</a> (CAPE-rich)</td>
<td>Polyphenol mixture</td>
<td>Biphasic</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>↓ (reported in some)</td>
<td>↓↓ (strong)</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↑ (robust preclinical)</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>Moderate</td>
<td>Composition variability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 1</b></td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=71">DHCA</a></td>
<td>Hydroxycinnamic acid variant</td>
<td>Biphasic</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Context</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↓ (reported)</td>
<td>↑ (reported)</td>
<td>Limited data</td>
<td>Model-dependent</td>
<td>Sparse data</td>
</tr>
<!-- TIER 2 -->
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 2</b><br>Moderate Redox Modulators</td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=74">Ellagic Acid</a></td>
<td>Ellagitannin-derived</td>
<td>Mainly antioxidant</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Context</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↑ (reported)</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>Weak</td>
<td>Very poor bioavailability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 2</b></td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=142">Rosmarinic Acid</a></td>
<td>Caffeic ester (polyphenol)</td>
<td>Mainly antioxidant</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Context</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↓ (reported)</td>
<td>↑ (modest)</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>Low pro-ox</td>
<td>Low bioavailability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 2</b></td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=209">Moringa</a></td>
<td>Polyphenol + isothiocyanate mix</td>
<td>Mixed (antioxidant + pro-ox possible)</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Context</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↑ (reported)</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>Model-dependent</td>
<td>Complex phytochemistry</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 2</b></td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=336">Perilla</a></td>
<td>Rosmarinic-rich extract</td>
<td>Mainly antioxidant</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Context</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↓ (reported)</td>
<td>↑ (mild)</td>
<td>Limited</td>
<td>Weak</td>
<td>Extract variability</td>
</tr>
<!-- TIER 3 -->
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 3</b><br>Primarily Antioxidant / Supportive</td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=77">Ferulic Acid</a></td>
<td>Hydroxycinnamic acid</td>
<td>Mainly antioxidant</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Context</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↓ (mild)</td>
<td>↑ (modest)</td>
<td>↓ (reported)</td>
<td>Weak pro-ox</td>
<td>Phase II metabolism</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 3</b></td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=95">HCAs</a> (general class)</td>
<td>Phenolic acid class</td>
<td>Mainly antioxidant</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Context</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>↓ (variable)</td>
<td>↑ (modest)</td>
<td>↓ (reported)</td>
<td>Weak</td>
<td>Rapid metabolism</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Tier 3</b></td>
<td><a href="https://nestronics.ca/dbx/tbProdEdit.php?pid=371">Date Fruit Extract</a></td>
<td>Polyphenol mixture</td>
<td>Mainly antioxidant</td>
<td>↑</td>
<td>Likely supportive</td>
<td>↓</td>
<td>Limited data</td>
<td>Weak cytotoxic data</td>
<td>Limited</td>
<td>Minimal</td>
<td>Low tumor-specific evidence</td>
</tr>
</table>