The retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and function as ligand-activated transcription factors.
Three main isoforms have been characterized:
• RARα (NR1B1)
• RARβ (NR1B2)
• RARγ (NR1B3)
They bind retinoic acid (the active metabolite of vitamin A) and regulate gene expression programs involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.
RARα is often found to be ubiquitously expressed at baseline in many tissues.
In solid tumors, aberrant RARα expression has been observed, but its prognostic role can be variable—sometimes correlating with a more aggressive phenotype if the downstream signaling is disrupted.
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