The retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and function as ligand-activated transcription factors.
Three main isoforms have been characterized:
• RARα (NR1B1)
• RARβ (NR1B2)
• RARγ (NR1B3)
They bind retinoic acid (the active metabolite of vitamin A) and regulate gene expression programs involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.
In certain cancers (such as colon cancer, prostate cancer, and some hematologic malignancies), RARγ may be preferentially expressed or even overexpressed, potentially supporting cancer cell survival and proliferation.
Elevated RARγ expression in some tumor types has been linked with a poorer prognosis.
• In prostate and colon cancer, increased RARγ signaling may contribute to sustained proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.
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