Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of regulated cell death that stimulates the immune system against dying cells.
ICD is characterized by the release or exposure of specific damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that function as “danger signals.” Key DAMPs (or ICD markers) include:
• Calreticulin (CRT) exposure
• ATP release
• High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) release
• Heat shock proteins (such as HSP70 and HSP90)
• Type I interferon (IFN) responses (indirectly involved through downstream signaling)
Higher expression/exposure of ICD markers such as calreticulin, ATP, extracellular HMGB1 (with favorable redox states), HSP70/90 when released, and type I IFN responses are generally associated with enhanced antitumor immunity and improved prognosis in several cancer types.
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